新疆人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步
Human Rights in Xinjiang – Development and Progress
中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2017年6月
June 2017
目錄
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、政治權(quán)利
I. Political Rights
二、公民權(quán)利
II. Civil Rights
三、經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利
III. Economic Rights
四、社會(huì)權(quán)利
IV. Social Rights
五、文化權(quán)利
V. Cultural Rights
六、環(huán)境權(quán)利
Environmental Rights
七、宗教信仰自由權(quán)利
VII. Right to Freedom of Religious Belief
八、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人權(quán)利
VIII. Rights of Women, Children, the Elderly and Disabled
前言
Foreword
實(shí)現(xiàn)充分的人權(quán)是人類長(zhǎng)期追求的理想，也是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全中國(guó)人民長(zhǎng)期為之奮斗的目標(biāo)。
Realization of full human rights is an ideal, one that humankind has pursued for as long as we can remember. It is also a goal that the Chinese people, including people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang, have worked hard to reach.
1949年中華人民共和國(guó)成立前，新疆各族人民遭受著外國(guó)侵略勢(shì)力、封建剝削階級(jí)和宗教特權(quán)階層的壓迫，社會(huì)地位極其低下，無法享有基本人權(quán)。新中國(guó)的成立和社會(huì)主義制度的確立，為新疆各族人民真正享有人權(quán)奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎(chǔ)。1955年，中國(guó)在新疆實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，進(jìn)一步保障了新疆各族人民當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利。自1978年中國(guó)實(shí)行改革開放以來，新疆經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的歷史時(shí)期，各族人民的人權(quán)保障水平不斷提升。
Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the ethnic groups of Xinjiang suffered oppression from invading foreign forces, the feudal exploiting class and the privileged religious hierarchy. At the bottom of the social ladder, they were deprived of basic human rights. The founding of the PRC and the socialist system prepared a fundamental political prerequisite and laid the institutional basis for the people of Xinjiang’s ethnic groups to enjoy such rights. In 1955, the system of regional ethnic autonomy was implemented in Xinjiang, offering further guarantee to the Xinjiang people in exercising their right as masters of the country. Since 1978, when China launched its epoch-making reform and opening-up drive, a new historical phase has been ushered in the economic and social development of Xinjiang, and people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang have seen great progress in the protection of their human rights.
長(zhǎng)期以來，中央始終高度重視新疆工作，采取切實(shí)有力舉措，發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，改善民生，增進(jìn)人民福祉，促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步，保障各族人民的基本權(quán)利。特別是中共十八大以來，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，堅(jiān)持以人民為中心，以創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的新發(fā)展理念為引領(lǐng)，全面推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，十分關(guān)心新疆的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，始終情系新疆、心系新疆各族人民，舉全國(guó)之力發(fā)展新疆。近年來，中央著眼黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)發(fā)展全局，不斷豐富和發(fā)展治疆方略，把社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和長(zhǎng)治久安作為新疆工作總目標(biāo)，堅(jiān)持依法治疆、團(tuán)結(jié)穩(wěn)疆、長(zhǎng)期建疆，堅(jiān)持各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，堅(jiān)持以保障和改善民生為重點(diǎn)，大力發(fā)展新疆各項(xiàng)事業(yè)，切實(shí)保障各族人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權(quán)利，共享發(fā)展成果，使新疆的人權(quán)事業(yè)不斷得到新的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。
The central government has over the years set great store by Xinjiang. It has taken effective measures to develop the economy, improve people’s living standards, enhance the well-being of the public, promote ethnic unity and progress, and safeguard the basic rights of all ethnic groups. In particular, since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core has worked hard to promote economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress across the country. This means following the people-oriented principle, and forging new ideas of innovative, coordinated, green, and open development shared by all. Committed to the progress of Xinjiang and its people, the CPC Central Committee has pooled the strength of the nation to develop the region. In recent years, it has, proceeding from the overall development of the causes of the Party and state, constantly enriched and developed its core strategies for the development and governance of Xinjiang by making maintaining the social order and lasting political stability the overall objective of work in relation to Xinjiang. It called governing Xinjiang in accordance with law, maintaining stability in Xinjiang through ethnic solidarity, and being committed to the development of Xinjiang for a long time to come; keeping to the goal of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development; making energetic efforts to press forward with the development of various undertakings in Xinjiang and focusing on the protection and improvement of the people’s living standards; and taking all necessary steps to ensure the people of various ethnic groups the equal right to participation and in development, and equal access to the fruits of development.
一、政治權(quán)利
I. Political Rights
新疆自古以來就是多民族聚居的地方，目前有56個(gè)民族。不論人口多少、發(fā)展程度高低、宗教信仰差異，新疆各族人民都具有同等地位，依法享有相同權(quán)利，履行相同義務(wù)，公民的政治權(quán)利得到了充分保障。
Xinjiang has been home to numerous ethnic groups since remote antiquity, and there are now 56 ethnic groups residing on this vast piece of land. Irrespective of their size of population, degree of development, and religious faith, the people of all Xinjiang’s ethnic groups enjoy the same status and the same rights, and must fulfill the same obligations in accordance with the law. Their political rights as citizens are fully protected.
民族區(qū)域自治制度得到貫徹落實(shí)。民族區(qū)域自治制度的確立，為新疆各族人民在維護(hù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)一原則下，充分行使自治權(quán)利，自主管理地方事務(wù)，平等參與管理國(guó)家事務(wù)提供了有力的制度保障。自治區(qū)立法機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)憲法和法律，既享有普通省級(jí)行政區(qū)地方立法權(quán)，又享有根據(jù)本區(qū)域政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化特點(diǎn)制定自治條例、單行條例的立法權(quán)。截至2016年年底，自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)及其常委會(huì)共制定區(qū)域特色的地方性法規(guī)372件，其中現(xiàn)行有效的地方性法規(guī)153件，作出法規(guī)性決議、決定52件，批準(zhǔn)設(shè)區(qū)的市、自治州、自治縣報(bào)批的單行條例和地方性法規(guī)113件。
The system of regional ethnic autonomy is in place. Based on the principle of safeguarding national unity, the system of regional ethnic autonomy provides a strong institutional guarantee for the ethnic groups of Xinjiang to exercise their right of autonomy, administer their own local affairs, and participate as equals in administering state affairs. According to China’s Constitution and relevant state laws, the legislature of the autonomous region, while enjoying the legislative power entitled to provincial-level administrative divisions as prescribed by law, has the power to enact regulations on the exercise of regional autonomy and other particular regulations in line with the local political, economic and cultural conditions. By the end of 2016, the autonomous regional people’s congress and its standing committee had formulated in total 372 local regulations (including 153 already in effect), passed 52 regulatory resolutions and decisions, and approved 113 separate regulations and other regulations submitted by the various cities, autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties.
選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)得到充分保障。在新疆，年滿18周歲公民依法享有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。依照憲法與法律規(guī)定，各族人民直接選舉縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）人民代表大會(huì)代表，在此基礎(chǔ)上又選舉出全國(guó)和自治區(qū)、州（市）人民代表大會(huì)代表。第十二屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)共有新疆代表60名，其中少數(shù)民族代表38名，占63.33%。第十二屆新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)共有代表550名，其中少數(shù)民族代表363名，占66%。
The right to vote and right to be elected are fully protected. In Xinjiang, as elsewhere in China, citizens aged 18 or above enjoy the right to vote and the right to be elected in accordance with the law. As the Constitution and relevant state laws prescribe, people of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region directly elect deputies to the people’s congresses at county (city or urban district) and township (town) levels, and these deputies then elect deputies to the prefecture (prefecture-level city) people’s congress, the people’s congress of the autonomous region, and the National People’s Congress (NPC). The 12th NPC has a total of 60 deputies from Xinjiang, of whom 38 (63 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The 12th People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is formed by 550 deputies, of whom 363 (66 percent) are of ethnic minority origins.
協(xié)商民主穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。在協(xié)商民主的制度框架內(nèi)，自治區(qū)各級(jí)政協(xié)積極創(chuàng)新協(xié)商形式、豐富協(xié)商內(nèi)容、搭建協(xié)商平臺(tái)，廣泛吸收各族各界人士參政議政，初步形成了寬領(lǐng)域、多層次、常態(tài)化的協(xié)商民主格局。各級(jí)政協(xié)委員深入調(diào)研，踴躍提交提案，積極反映社情民意，主動(dòng)進(jìn)行民主監(jiān)督。第十二屆全國(guó)政協(xié)委員中，住新疆的有31名，其中少數(shù)民族委員18名，占58.1%。第十一屆新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)政協(xié)有委員479名，其中少數(shù)民族委員228名，占47.6%。截至2017年3月，第十一屆新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)政協(xié)共提交提案4920件，涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育、科技等領(lǐng)域。
Steady progress has been observed in consultative democracy. Within the institutional framework of consultative democracy, the CPPCC (Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) organizations at all levels in the autonomous region have actively innovated the forms, enriched the content and developed platforms of consultation to encourage more extensive participation and administration of state affairs by people from all ethnic groups and all walks of life, thus bringing into place initially a wide-ranging and multi-tiered regular framework of consultative democracy. Members of CPPCC organizations at all levels have conducted in-depth research and drafted bills that actively reflect social conditions and public opinion; they constantly pursue initiatives to facilitate democratic scrutiny. Among members of the 12th CPPCC National Committee, 31 come from Xinjiang, of whom 18 (58 percent) are members of ethnic minorities. The 11th CPPCC of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 479 members, of whom 228 (48 percent) are members of ethnic minorities. As of March 2017, the 11th CPPCC of Xinjiang had submitted a total of 4,920 proposals covering politics, the economy, culture, education, science and technology and other fields.
少數(shù)民族參政權(quán)得到保證。作為全國(guó)唯一三級(jí)自治地方（區(qū)、州、縣）俱全的自治區(qū)，新疆設(shè)有5個(gè)自治州、6個(gè)自治縣。自治地方的各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)和人民政府行使管理本地區(qū)事務(wù)的權(quán)力，自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長(zhǎng)、自治縣縣長(zhǎng)均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族公民擔(dān)任。1950年，新疆少數(shù)民族干部?jī)H有約3000人，1955年增加到4.6萬人。2016年，全區(qū)少數(shù)民族公務(wù)員已達(dá)91076人，占干部總數(shù)的40.24%。其中，少數(shù)民族婦女干部占全區(qū)婦女干部總數(shù)的66%以上。
The right of ethnic minority groups to participate in public affairs is guaranteed. Xinjiang is the only autonomous region in China with all three levels of autonomous divisions (i.e., autonomous region, autonomous prefecture and autonomous county). It now has under its jurisdiction five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties. People’s congresses and people’s governments of these autonomous administrative divisions at different levels exercise the autonomous power to administer their local affairs. Chairperson of the autonomous region, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas. In 1950, there were only about 3,000 ethnic minority officials in Xinjiang. By 1955, this figure had increased to 46,000. In 2016, the number of ethnic minority officials in the region’s civil service reached 91,076, accounting for 40 percent of the region’s total. Of them, women officials of ethnic minority origins accounted for more than 66 percent of the total of female officials in Xinjiang.
基層民主權(quán)利得到保障和落實(shí)。修訂并實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實(shí)施〈中華人民共和國(guó)村民委員會(huì)組織法〉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)村民委員會(huì)選舉辦法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)村務(wù)公開辦法》，制定《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步規(guī)范和加強(qiáng)社區(qū)工作的意見》和《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府服務(wù)能力建設(shè)的實(shí)施意見》，基層法制建設(shè)不斷完善?；鶎尤罕娮灾沃贫雀咏∪?，民主選舉、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督和事務(wù)公開制度日益完善。基層民主協(xié)商進(jìn)一步制度化、規(guī)范化、程序化。
Community-level democratic rights are guaranteed and respected. The Measures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Implementing the Organic Law of the Villagers’ Committees of the People’s Republic of China, the Procedures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Election of the Villagers’ Committee, and the Implementation Measures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Making Village Affairs Transparent have been revised and implemented. The Opinions on Regulating and Strengthening Community Work, and the Implementation Opinions on Building Stronger Service Capabilities for Town and Township Governments have been formulated. Steady improvement has been seen in the community-level legal framework. The system of community-level self-governance is being strengthened, while systems of democratic election, democratic management, democratic supervision, and publicity of affairs have kept improving. Well-defined systems, standards and procedures are being followed in community-level democratic consultation.
二、公民權(quán)利
II. Civil Rights
新疆堅(jiān)持尊重和保護(hù)公民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，切實(shí)維護(hù)公正審判權(quán)，促進(jìn)公民自由表達(dá)，公民權(quán)利依法得到了充分尊重和有效保障。
Xinjiang fully respects and effectively guarantees the civil rights of its citizens in accordance with the law, by respecting and protecting life and property, safeguarding the right to a fair trial, and promoting free expression.
生命財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)受到尊重和保護(hù)。自20世紀(jì)90年代以來，暴力恐怖勢(shì)力、民族分裂勢(shì)力、宗教極端勢(shì)力策劃實(shí)施了一系列暴力恐怖犯罪活動(dòng)，嚴(yán)重危害了各族人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。其中，2009年烏魯木齊“7·5”打砸搶燒嚴(yán)重暴力犯罪事件，造成197人死亡、1700多人受傷；2014年昆明“3·01”火車站暴力恐怖事件，造成31人死亡、141人受傷。自治區(qū)采取一系列措施，頒布實(shí)施了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實(shí)施〈中華人民共和國(guó)反恐怖主義法〉辦法》，依法嚴(yán)厲打擊暴力恐怖犯罪，加強(qiáng)社會(huì)面防控，推進(jìn)治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，切實(shí)維護(hù)各族人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。
Life and property are respected and protected. Since the 1990s, violent terrorists, nationalist separatists, and religious extremists have plotted and committed a series of violent terrorist crimes, causing loss of life to and damaging the property of people of all ethnic groups. In 2009, the July 5 riot in Urumqi killed 197, injured more than 1,700, and caused colossal damage to property. The Kunming railway station terrorist attack of March 1, 2014 caused 31 deaths and injured another 141. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has taken a series of measures designed to strike against violent terrorist crimes, strengthen social protection and control, modernize the governance system and capacity, and safeguard the lives and property of all the people of Xinjiang, whatever their ethnic group. These measures include the promulgation and implementation of the Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Enforcement of the Anti-Terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China.
公正審判權(quán)得到切實(shí)維護(hù)。新疆司法機(jī)關(guān)堅(jiān)持罪刑法定、疑罪從無、證據(jù)裁判等原則，從偵查、檢察、審判、執(zhí)行等各環(huán)節(jié)充分保障公民獲得公正審判的權(quán)利。依法保障犯罪嫌疑人、刑事被告人的辯護(hù)權(quán)。保障各民族公民使用本民族語言文字進(jìn)行訴訟的權(quán)利。實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)法律援助試行辦法》，切實(shí)維護(hù)困難群體獲得法律援助的權(quán)利。有效保障賠償請(qǐng)求人的合法權(quán)益，不斷完善司法救助制度，保障困難群眾獲得訴訟救濟(jì)權(quán)利。2016年，新疆各級(jí)人民法院共辦結(jié)國(guó)家賠償與司法救助案件298件，共計(jì)為生活困難群眾緩、減、免訴訟費(fèi)用2666.7萬元。建立司法公開平臺(tái)，發(fā)布案件審理、執(zhí)行信息，充分保障公民司法知情權(quán)。2014年至2016年，新疆各級(jí)人民法院在中國(guó)裁判文書網(wǎng)共發(fā)布生效裁判文書21萬余份。2016年，新疆共有律師4569人。
The right to fair trial is maintained. Judicial organs in Xinjiang uphold the principles of legally prescribed punishment, presumption of innocence, and evidentiary adjudication, and fully protect citizens’ right to fair trial at all stages from investigation to prosecution, to trial and execution. The right of suspects and criminal defendants to defense is guaranteed in accordance with the law. Citizens’ right to use the spoken and written languages of their own ethnic groups in legal proceedings is protected. By implementing the Interim Measures for Legal Assistance of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the right to legal assistance for disadvantaged groups is guaranteed. With constant improvement in the judicial relief system, the legitimate rights and interests of indemnity claimants are safeguarded, and the right to relief of disadvantaged groups is protected. In 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang settled 298 state compensation and judicial relief cases, deferring, reducing or exempting the litigation costs to a value of RMB26.7 million. A platform for judicial openness was established to release information on judicial proceedings, so as to ensure the public’s right to information. From 2014 to 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang released more than 210,000 effective judgment documents on China Judgments Online. In 2016, there were 4,569 lawyers in Xinjiang.
表達(dá)自由的權(quán)利得到有效保障。為落實(shí)憲法規(guī)定的公民表達(dá)自由，新疆在辦好廣播、電視、報(bào)紙、雜志等傳統(tǒng)媒體的同時(shí)，大力開展互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，搭建各種形式的網(wǎng)站（平臺(tái)），使公民的表達(dá)渠道不斷拓展，表達(dá)方式更加多樣，表達(dá)訴求更加便捷，有效保障了公民的知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)和監(jiān)督權(quán)。截至2016年年底，新疆網(wǎng)民人數(shù)由2002年的44.8萬人增加到1296萬人，增速位居全國(guó)第三；普及率達(dá)到54.9%，位居西部第一。
The right to freedom of expression is protected. To safeguard the public’s right to free expression as prescribed by the Constitution, and to expand, diversify, and improve access to the required channels, Xinjiang has created a wide range of Internet infrastructure and websites (or platforms), while continuing to promote traditional media, such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines. As a result, the citizens’ right to information, right to participation, and right of scrutiny are guaranteed. The number of netizens in Xinjiang rose from 448,000 in 2002 to 12,960,000 by the end of 2016. This growth rate ranked 3rd in China, with a rate of penetration of 54.9 percent, which ranked 1st in the western region.
三、經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利
III. Economic Rights
多年來，新疆大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)，努力把發(fā)展落實(shí)到改善民生、惠及當(dāng)?shù)睾驮鲞M(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)上，積極推動(dòng)發(fā)展成果共享，有效保障公民各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利，人民生活水平普遍提高。
Over the years, Xinjiang has maintained a constant focus on economic development. It thereby strives to improve standards of living, benefit the local economy, and encourage unity. It ensures that all the people share the fruits of development, and effectively protects the various economic rights of citizens. Public well-being has improved.
發(fā)展權(quán)利得到提升。新中國(guó)成立前，農(nóng)區(qū)大部分土地被農(nóng)奴主、地主所占有，牧區(qū)牛羊、水源和草場(chǎng)等被王公貴族、部落頭領(lǐng)所控制，占總?cè)丝?3%的農(nóng)牧民沒有基本生產(chǎn)生活資料。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式極其落后，主要靠坎土曼和二牛抬杠，生產(chǎn)水平極其低下。沒有任何工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)，鋼釘、火柴等基本產(chǎn)品都不能生產(chǎn)，缺乏發(fā)展的基本條件。新中國(guó)成立后，新疆大力改善發(fā)展條件，逐步形成了現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力，并建立起完備的工業(yè)體系，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。1978年至2016年，新疆地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值由39.07億元增長(zhǎng)至9617.23億元，人均生產(chǎn)總值由313元增長(zhǎng)至40427元，分別增長(zhǎng)245.2倍和128.2倍；城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入從319元增加到28463元，農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入從119元增加到10183元，分別增加了88.2倍和84.6倍。
The right to development has been promoted. Prior to the founding of the PRC, most of the farmland in Xinjiang was owned by serf owners and landlords, and most livestock, water sources and pasturelands were controlled by the nobility and tribal chiefs. Peasants and herdsmen, accounting for 93 percent of the local total population, did not even possess a basic livelihood and the means to work. At the time, Xinjiang’s production capability was extremely low, as agriculture, mainly based on kantumanhoes and ox-drawn plows, was wholly outdated. It had no industry, and could not even produce basic industrial items like steel nails and matches. It lacked the basic conditions for development. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has improved its preconditions for development, and gradually set up a modern agricultural system and a comprehensive manufacturing industry. The autonomous region’s society and economy have been transformed. Since the launch of China’s reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang’s GDP has soared from RMB3.9 billion to RMB961.7 billion in 2016. Its per-capita GDP has grown from RMB313 to RMB40,427 in the same period. The per-capita disposable income of urban residents has risen from RMB319 to RMB28,463 and that of rural residents from RMB119 to RMB10,183.
基本生活保障水平不斷提升。新中國(guó)成立以來，新疆各族人民生活條件發(fā)生了根本性改變，高寒邊遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)農(nóng)牧民逐步結(jié)束了沒有電和自來水、交通封閉的時(shí)代。城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)分別由1980年的57.3%和60%左右，下降到2016年的29.1%和31.7%。全面推進(jìn)通水、通電、通氣建設(shè)，截至2016年年底，800萬農(nóng)村人口飲水安全問題得到解決，農(nóng)村自來水普及率達(dá)72.5%以上。實(shí)施安居富民、定居興牧、城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程建設(shè)，1978年至2016年，城鎮(zhèn)人均住宅建筑面積由3.5平方米增長(zhǎng)到31.1平方米以上；1994年至2016年，農(nóng)村人均住房面積由9.46平方米增長(zhǎng)到25.7平方米以上。積極推進(jìn)交通建設(shè)，公路通車?yán)锍逃?978年的2.38萬公里增長(zhǎng)到2016年的18.21萬公里，同期鐵路通車?yán)锍逃?435公里增長(zhǎng)到5868公里。高速公路、高速鐵路從無到有，分別實(shí)現(xiàn)通車?yán)锍?395公里和717公里。民用機(jī)場(chǎng)達(dá)到18個(gè)。行政村公路通暢率達(dá)97.06%，建制村通客車率達(dá)96%，公民的出行更加便捷。
A better quality of life has been guaranteed. Great improvements have been seen in the living conditions of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Farmers and herdsmen living in high mountainous, and cold or remote areas have gradually been provided access to power, tap water and modern transport facilities. The Engel coefficient of urban households decreased from 57.3 percent in 1980 to 29.1 percent in 2016; that of rural households from 60 percent to 31.7 percent. The autonomous region has directed a considerable effort to infrastructure construction in tap water, power and gas. By the end of 2016, the eight million rural population was guaranteed access to safe drinking water, and 72.5 percent of rural households had access to tap water. A series of programs were in place, involving rural safe housing subsidy, nomadic settlement subsidy, and urban low-income housing. The per-capita living space of urban residents rose from 3.5 sq m in 1978 to more than 31.1 sq m in 2016, while that of rural residents increased from 9.46 sq m in 1994 to more than 25.7 sq m in 2016. Transport has also been improved and the people now have access to convenient and rapid traffic facilities. From 1978 to 2016, the kilometrage of roads open to powered vehicles increased from 23,800 km to 182,100 km, and rail kilometrage grew from 1,435 km to 5,868 km. Expressways and high-speed railways developed from scratch, reaching 4,395 km and 717 km, respectively. About 97 percent of administrative villages now have access to metalled roads, and 96 percent have access to bus services. There are 18 civil airports in Xinjiang.
貧困人口生存發(fā)展條件進(jìn)一步改善。堅(jiān)持精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧，切實(shí)做到扶持對(duì)象精準(zhǔn)、項(xiàng)目安排精準(zhǔn)、資金使用精準(zhǔn)、措施到戶精準(zhǔn)、因村派人精準(zhǔn)、脫貧成效精準(zhǔn)，把南疆地區(qū)作為脫貧攻堅(jiān)的主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，加大財(cái)政扶貧資金投入力度，匯聚行業(yè)、社會(huì)、援疆等扶貧資源，大力推進(jìn)就業(yè)扶貧“十大專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)”，加快基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和基本公共服務(wù)建設(shè)步伐，貧困群眾生產(chǎn)生活條件得到極大改善。截至2016年年底，貧困發(fā)生率下降至10%，有力保障了貧困人口生存權(quán)和發(fā)展權(quán)。
Further improvement has been made in the quality of life and daily living conditions of the impoverished. Xinjiang has implemented targeted and effective measures in poverty alleviation. Appropriate projects have been planned and carried out for the benefit of specific impoverished groups and even individual impoverished households. Aid workers have been assigned to villages according to specific conditions, and funds have been used effectively to achieve concrete results. Southern Xinjiang has been taken as the focus of the poverty-relief program. More funds and more social resources have been directed to the area. Ten special projects involving employment-based poverty reduction have been implemented. Infrastructure and basic public services have been improved. By the end of 2016, the incidence of poverty had dropped to 10 percent or less, thus better safeguarding the poor’s rights to life and development.
工作權(quán)利得到切實(shí)保障。為保障勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)權(quán)利，新疆堅(jiān)持就業(yè)優(yōu)先，促進(jìn)就業(yè)公平，多舉措多渠道擴(kuò)大就業(yè)。積極發(fā)展勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，促進(jìn)中小微企業(yè)、民營(yíng)企業(yè)和勞務(wù)輸出企業(yè)發(fā)展，以轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)帶動(dòng)、產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)等多種形式，確保穩(wěn)定就業(yè)。2016年年底，城鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到1263.11萬人，其中，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)人數(shù)45.5萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率為3.22%。大力發(fā)展職業(yè)教育，實(shí)施各類就業(yè)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目，加大對(duì)高校畢業(yè)生、城鄉(xiāng)貧困家庭勞動(dòng)力、城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)困難人員、農(nóng)牧民富余勞動(dòng)力、農(nóng)村婦女等重點(diǎn)就業(yè)人群扶持力度。建立零就業(yè)家庭動(dòng)態(tài)清零長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制。逐步完善工資福利制度。健全勞動(dòng)關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，全面加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察執(zhí)法和勞動(dòng)人事爭(zhēng)議處理，發(fā)揮工會(huì)組織和職工維權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)作用，公民基本勞動(dòng)權(quán)益得到有效維護(hù)。持續(xù)開展“安全生產(chǎn)年”行動(dòng)，加強(qiáng)安全生產(chǎn)防控，著力解決制約安全生產(chǎn)的突出問題和深層矛盾，全社會(huì)整體安全水平全面提升，2016年各類生產(chǎn)安全事故死亡人數(shù)同比下降26.5%，億元地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值生產(chǎn)安全事故死亡率同比下降16.81%。不斷加強(qiáng)職業(yè)病防治，目前新疆共有職業(yè)健康檢查機(jī)構(gòu)111家，職業(yè)病診斷機(jī)構(gòu)41家，職業(yè)衛(wèi)生培訓(xùn)率達(dá)到100%。
The right to work has been effectively guaranteed. To achieve this, Xinjiang has given priority to promoting equal employment opportunities, and encouraged different sectors to create more jobs through multiple measures. It has emphasized the development of labor-intensive industries and promoted the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, private enterprises and labor export service enterprises. It has stabilized employment by means of employment transfer, start-up enterprises, and industrial employment. At the end of 2016, 12.63 million people in rural and urban areas of Xinjiang were employed and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3.22 percent, with 455,000 new jobs created in urban areas over the course of the year.
The autonomous region has made every effort to develop vocational education, and arranged a variety of employment training programs. It has provided growing support to key population groups, such as college graduates, impoverished families, urban residents who have difficulty in finding jobs, excess peasant and herdsman labor, and rural women. It has established a long-term mechanism to constantly ensure that every family has at least one member in work. It has gradually improved the salary and bonus system. The coordination mechanism for labor relations has been further enhanced. The government has strengthened scrutiny over the enforcement of laws and regulations on employees’ rights and employers’ duties and the handling of disputes over labor relations, given labor unions and employees’ rights protection organizations scope to play their due role, and effectively protected the basic right to work and the essential interests of the people. The Safe Production Year campaign has continued. The government has intensified workplace safety and the prevention and control of accidents, and tried hard to address prominent problems and deep-rooted issues that might create risks. The number of victims killed in workplace accidents fell by 26.5 percent between 2015 and 2016, and the workplace death rate per RMB100 million of GDP fell by 16.8 percent. Xinjiang has also improved the prevention and control of occupational diseases. There are now 111 occupational health examination organizations, and 41 occupational disease diagnosis organizations in the autonomous region, and all employees have received training in occupational health.
四、社會(huì)權(quán)利
IV. Social Rights
新中國(guó)成立初期，新疆民生基礎(chǔ)極其薄弱。通過60多年的不懈努力，公民社會(huì)保障權(quán)、健康權(quán)和受教育權(quán)等社會(huì)權(quán)利的保障達(dá)到了前所未有的水平。
Standards of living in Xinjiang were very low when the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. Following more than 60 years of unstinting effort, protection of the citizens’ rights to social security, health, and education has reached unprecedented levels, as evidenced in the following:
社會(huì)保障水平穩(wěn)步提高。新中國(guó)成立后，政府投入大量資金，加強(qiáng)新疆社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)，已形成廣覆蓋、?；?、多層次的社會(huì)保障體系。2016年新疆已全面建立了城鄉(xiāng)居民和城鎮(zhèn)職工大病保險(xiǎn)制度，全民免費(fèi)享受人身意外傷害保險(xiǎn)。截至2016年年底，新疆企業(yè)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到342.19萬人（不含機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度改革后增加人數(shù)），農(nóng)村基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到539.58萬人，城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率穩(wěn)定在95%以上；城鎮(zhèn)基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)到687.55萬人，新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療參合人數(shù)達(dá)到1125.75萬人，失業(yè)、工傷、生育保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)達(dá)738.89萬人次，社會(huì)保障卡累計(jì)發(fā)放1207萬張，覆蓋率達(dá)到55.4%。社會(huì)保障水平不斷提高，到2016年，已連續(xù)12年增加企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金和提高工傷保險(xiǎn)待遇，連續(xù)5年提高失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)待遇。通過完善社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)與物價(jià)水平掛鉤聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制，及時(shí)調(diào)整繳費(fèi)基數(shù)。為減輕城鎮(zhèn)個(gè)體工商戶和靈活就業(yè)人員經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，2014年下調(diào)了這些人員的基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)最低繳費(fèi)基數(shù)。制定勞動(dòng)者特別是進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度銜接政策。新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)與城鎮(zhèn)居民社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)現(xiàn)一致，從最初的每人每月55元提高到115元。
Social security has been improved. Once the People’s Republic was founded, the government provided generous funding to reinforce Xinjiang’s social security system. Now a multi-layered basic social security system with wide coverage is in place. In 2016, Xinjiang launched serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents and urban workers, and personal accident insurance was made available to all residents free of charge. By the end of 2016, each of the following goals had been achieved:
A total of 3.42 million employees were covered by basic old-age insurance (excluding those who joined the plan following the reform of old-age insurance in government bodies and public institutions).
A total of 5.40 million people had subscribed to rural basic old-age insurance, and the coverage of old-age insurance for urban and rural residents stood above 95 percent.
The basic medical insurance system covered 6.88 million people in urban areas, and 11.26 million rural residents had joined the new rural cooperative medical care system.
The total number of people participating in unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance reached 7.39 million.
The government had issued 12.07 million social security cards, covering 55.4 percent of Xinjiang residents.
The level of social security has been improved over the years. By 2016, the basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees had been increased for 12 years in a run. Corresponding figures for work-related injury insurance benefits and unemployment insurance benefits were 12 years and 5 years, respectively. Timely adjustments have been made to the contribution basis by linking social security with price levels. To ease the burden on urban small business owners and self-employed persons, their old-age insurance contribution bases were lowered in 2014. Policies have been enacted to ensure that workers, and especially migrant workers who come to work in cities, are able to join the urban basic old-age insurance scheme. The new rural social old-age insurance system has been brought into line with urban old-age insurance in terms of benefits received, from RMB55 to RMB115 per person per month.
社會(huì)救助制度發(fā)揮積極作用。新中國(guó)成立伊始，新疆就建立了針對(duì)城鄉(xiāng)貧困居民的社會(huì)救助制度。2009年至2016年，城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民平均最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，分別從每人每月172元和69元提高到384元和249.5元；農(nóng)村五保戶供養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從集中供養(yǎng)3036元/年、分散供養(yǎng)2280元/年，分別提高到6936元/年和4586元/年。各類收養(yǎng)性社會(huì)福利單位擁有床位4.4萬張，收養(yǎng)各類人員2.6萬人。截至2016年年底，95%的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）設(shè)立了“一站式”救助服務(wù)窗口，累計(jì)實(shí)施臨時(shí)救助17.3萬戶次，支出救助資金18.5億元。2016年新疆社會(huì)福利彩票募集福利事業(yè)資金12.61億元，主要用于扶老、救孤、助殘、濟(jì)困等社會(huì)公益事業(yè)。2016年投入救災(zāi)及災(zāi)后重建資金7.36億元，救助受災(zāi)群眾477.9萬人次。
The social assistance system is playing an active role. In Xinjiang, a social assistance system for needy urban and rural residents was established at the beginning of the PRC. Between 2009 and 2016, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB172 per capita to RMB384 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB69 to RMB249.5. For rural households enjoying the “five guarantees” (access to proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB3,036 to RMB6,936 per year, and the subsidies for those living at home grew from RMB2,280 to RMB4,586 per year. Social welfare institutions of various types had 44,000 beds and 26,000 persons are under their care. By the end of 2016, 95 percent of villages, townships, and urban communities had opened “one-stop” assistance offices, spending RMB1.85 billion to help 173,000 households in need. In 2016 Xinjiang’s social welfare lotteries raised funds to the value of RMB1.26 billion, which were mainly spent on supporting the elderly, orphans, persons with disabilities, and people in need. In the same year a total of RMB736 million was allocated for disaster relief and reconstruction, providing assistance to 4.78 million victims of natural disasters.
健康權(quán)保障條件顯著改善。新中國(guó)成立前，新疆醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)落后，缺醫(yī)少藥，鼠疫、天花、霍亂等傳染病肆虐，人民健康權(quán)利得不到基本保障。1949年只有醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)54個(gè)、病床696張，每萬人擁有病床1.6張、醫(yī)生0.19名。經(jīng)過60多年發(fā)展，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本形成，醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)遍布城鄉(xiāng)。截至2016年年底，已有各類衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)15721個(gè)，其中，各類醫(yī)院707所，病床位14.45萬張，醫(yī)生5.1萬人，護(hù)士5.6萬人，每萬人擁有醫(yī)院床位數(shù)60.3張、執(zhí)業(yè)醫(yī)師21.2人，均高于全國(guó)平均水平。創(chuàng)新開展全科醫(yī)師與居民簽約服務(wù)，鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)生簽約定點(diǎn)為農(nóng)牧民提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)。衛(wèi)生防疫機(jī)構(gòu)從無到有，已形成較為完善的城鄉(xiāng)衛(wèi)生防疫體系，重大傳染病、地方病得到有效控制。健康水平持續(xù)提升，人口死亡率由1949年的20.82‰下降到2016年的4.26‰，人均預(yù)期壽命從30歲延長(zhǎng)至72.35歲。自2016年始，城鄉(xiāng)居民每年可享受一次免費(fèi)健康體檢。
There is marked improvement in ensuring access to healthcare. Before the PRC, Xinjiang’s medical services were in a poor state; there was a shortage of doctors and medicines, and epidemics of diseases, such as the plague, smallpox, and cholera, were commonplace. People had no guaranteed access to health care. In 1949, Xinjiang had only 54 medical institutions with 696 beds, placing the medical service capacity at 1.6 beds and 0.19 doctors per 10,000 people. After more than 60 years of development a basic medical care system has been established, with medical institutions covering urban and rural areas. By the end of 2016, there were 15,721 medical institutions of various kinds – including 707 hospitals with 144,500 beds – and 51,000 doctors, and 56,000 nurses. With 60.3 beds and 21.2 doctors serving every 10,000 persons, Xinjiang is now above the national average in terms of medical service capacity.
受教育權(quán)得到全面保障。1949年以前，新疆文化教育水平極低，普通民眾基本沒有受教育機(jī)會(huì)。新中國(guó)成立后，在中央支持下，新疆采取各種措施大力發(fā)展教育事業(yè)。從1949年到2016年，小學(xué)由1335所增加到3526所，中學(xué)由9所增加到1416所，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校由11所增加到167所（未含技工學(xué)校），普通高校由1所增加到41所。高校在校生由0.04萬人增加到42.01萬人，中等職業(yè)學(xué)校在校生由0.20萬人增加到23.51萬人。累計(jì)培養(yǎng)普通高校畢業(yè)生102.21萬人?；緦?shí)現(xiàn)九年義務(wù)教育全覆蓋，南疆3年學(xué)前教育、12年基礎(chǔ)教育全覆蓋。各類成人教育進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，多層次、多形式的職業(yè)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)體系基本形成。教育投入支出比例占財(cái)政總收入的5%以上，并隨著財(cái)政收入的增長(zhǎng)持續(xù)提高。義務(wù)教育全面納入公共財(cái)政保障范圍，統(tǒng)一城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)校公用經(jīng)費(fèi)基準(zhǔn)定額，并不斷提高寄宿制學(xué)校、規(guī)模較小學(xué)校、北方取暖地區(qū)學(xué)校、特殊教育學(xué)校和隨班就讀殘疾學(xué)生的公用經(jīng)費(fèi)補(bǔ)助水平。2016年撥付29.48億元，為271.43萬名農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生補(bǔ)助公用經(jīng)費(fèi)和取暖費(fèi)，為45.2萬名農(nóng)村家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難寄宿生提供生活補(bǔ)助，為263萬名農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生和城市部分中小學(xué)生提供免費(fèi)教科書。在全區(qū)45個(gè)縣和26所舉辦內(nèi)初班學(xué)校實(shí)施了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃。舉辦內(nèi)地新疆高中班、中職班，截至2016年年底，累計(jì)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生9.1萬人。
The right to education is fully protected. Before 1949, the educational level in Xinjiang was very low, and the general public had very little chance of acquiring an education. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has gone to great lengths to develop its education with support from the central government. From 1949 to 2016, the number of elementary schools has increased from 1,335 to 3,526, secondary schools from 9 to 1,416, secondary vocational schools from 11 to 167 (excluding skilled workers schools), and higher education institutions from 1 to 41. The number of university students has risen from 400 to 420,100, and secondary vocational school students have increased from 2,000 to 235,100. A total of 1,022,100 students have graduated from colleges and universities. The nine-year compulsory education is now generally available to all children. In southern Xinjiang, all children have access to three years of preschool education and a 12-year basic education. Further progress has been made in adult education, and a multi-layered and diverse vocational training system has been established. Expenditure on education accounts for over 5 percent of the total fiscal revenue, and continues to grow as government revenues increase. Compulsory education has been included in public finance, and schools offering compulsory education in both urban and rural areas now operate according to the same public expenditure baseline. Subsidies for boarding schools, smaller schools, schools in northern Xinjiang with winter heating, special education schools, and students with disabilities have risen steadily. In 2016, the government allocated RMB2.95 billion to subsidize the public expenditure and heating fees of 2.71 million students from rural families receiving compulsory education. It also provided living subsidies for 452,000 boarders from needy rural families, and distributed free textbooks to 2.63 million students receiving compulsory education in rural areas and some elementary and secondary school students in cities. In 45 counties and 26 schools running special classes for students from less developed areas in Xinjiang, a nutrition enhancement program has been introduced for compulsory-stage students from rural families. By the end of 2016, 91,000 students from Xinjiang had received high-school or secondary vocational education at special classes in more developed areas of the country.
五、文化權(quán)利
V. Cultural Rights
多年來，新疆持續(xù)提高基本公共文化服務(wù)均等化水平，廣泛使用民族語言文字，著力保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)，有效維護(hù)了公民文化權(quán)利。
Xinjiang is committed to providing equal access to basic public cultural services, to using the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and to protecting cultural heritage, thereby safeguarding the citizens’ cultural rights.
基本公共文化服務(wù)均等化水平不斷提高。新中國(guó)成立前，新疆僅有1個(gè)圖書館。經(jīng)過60多年的努力，新疆公共文化服務(wù)事業(yè)得到長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。截至2016年年底，共有公共圖書館107個(gè)、博物館90個(gè)、美術(shù)館53個(gè)、文化館119個(gè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）文化站1170個(gè)，并全部向社會(huì)免費(fèi)開放。廣泛開展全民閱讀活動(dòng)，農(nóng)家書屋工程覆蓋全部行政村?；窘ǔ勺灾螀^(qū)、市（地、州）、縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)、街道）四級(jí)公共文化服務(wù)體系。有廣播電臺(tái)6座，電視臺(tái)10座，廣播電視臺(tái)93座，農(nóng)村廣播和電視綜合人口覆蓋率分別達(dá)到96.59%和96.91%。
Equal access to basic public cultural services is steadily improving. Before the founding of the PRC, there was only one library in Xinjiang. Thanks to efforts made since then, significant development has been made in the autonomous region’s public cultural service undertakings. By the end of 2016, there were 107 public libraries, 90 museums, 53 galleries, 119 cultural centers, and 1,170 township (community) cultural activity venues, all offering free access to the public. A Rural Library Project covering all administrative villages provides farmers with books, periodicals, newspapers and audio and video products. There is now a basic public cultural service system in place at four levels (the autonomous region, the cities (prefectures), the counties and the townships). There are six radio stations, 10 TV stations, and 93 radio and TV stations. Almost 97 percent of the rural population has access to radio and TV.
民族語言文字廣泛使用。根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，國(guó)家在依法保障推行通用語言文字的同時(shí)，充分保障各少數(shù)民族使用本民族語言文字的權(quán)利。民族語言文字在新疆司法、行政、教育、新聞出版、廣播電視、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、社會(huì)公共事務(wù)等領(lǐng)域得到廣泛使用。現(xiàn)有13家出版社使用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、蒙古、錫伯六種語言文字出版圖書、音像制品和電子出版物。公開發(fā)行報(bào)紙110種，其中少數(shù)民族文字報(bào)紙52種。發(fā)行期刊200種，其中少數(shù)民族文字期刊120種。用維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古4種文字出版的新疆日?qǐng)?bào)是中國(guó)使用文種最多的省級(jí)黨委機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)。察布查爾報(bào)是世界僅有的錫伯文報(bào)紙。新疆人民廣播電臺(tái)現(xiàn)有維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古、柯爾克孜5種語言的15套廣播節(jié)目。新疆電視臺(tái)現(xiàn)有維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、柯爾克孜4種語言的12套電視節(jié)目，是全國(guó)播出頻道、語種最多的省級(jí)電視臺(tái)。
Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are widely used. The Constitution stipulates that the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua in accordance with the law; meanwhile, it safeguards the rights of various ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press & publishing, radio & television, the Internet and social public affairs. Xinjiang now has 13 publishing houses publishing books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang publishes 110 newspapers, including 52 in ethnic minority languages, and 200 periodicals, including 120 in ethnic minority languages. Published in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian – the official provincial-level newspaper, Xinjiang Daily, boasts the most editions of different languages in China. Qapqal News is the world’s only newspaper published in the Xibe language. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station now provides 15 radio channels in five languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian and Kirgiz. Xinjiang TV provides 12 TV channels in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Kirgiz; it is, therefore the provincial-level TV station with the most channels and broadcasts in different languages throughout the country.
文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)。新中國(guó)成立之初，新疆省政府發(fā)布《關(guān)于保護(hù)文物古跡的通令》，重點(diǎn)保護(hù)庫(kù)車縣、拜城縣千佛洞遺址。多年來，中央和地方政府投入資金對(duì)高昌故城、北庭故城遺址、喀什艾提尕爾清真寺等一大批文物古跡進(jìn)行了修繕保護(hù)，搶救性保護(hù)修復(fù)了3000余件珍貴文物。截至2016年年底，新疆有世界文化遺產(chǎn)2處、國(guó)家級(jí)歷史文化名城5座、國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位113處、自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位558處，182家國(guó)有單位收藏保管可移動(dòng)文物61.6萬余件。新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)、柯爾克孜史詩(shī)《瑪納斯》、維吾爾族麥西熱甫分別列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織“人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”和“急需保護(hù)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。新疆各民族均有代表性非遺項(xiàng)目列入國(guó)家級(jí)和自治區(qū)級(jí)非遺名錄。
Cultural heritage has been effectively protected. Following the founding of the PRC, the government of the autonomous region (then a province) issued the Order on the Protection of Historical Sites, giving priority to the conservation of the Thousand Buddha Caves Sites in Kuqa County and Baicheng County. For many years, the central and local governments have funded the conservation and renovation of many historical and cultural sites in Xinjiang, including the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site and Kashi’s Id Kah Mosque. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics have been conserved and renovated. By the end of 2016, Xinjiang had two world cultural heritages, five national historical and cultural cities, 113 cultural relic sites under state key protection, and 558 cultural relic sites under autonomous regional protection, with more than 616,000 tangible cultural relics being collected and kept in 182 state-owned units. Currently, Xinjiang has three projects on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding – the Art of Xinjiang Uygur Muqam, the Epic of Manas, and the Meshrep. All ethnic groups in Xinjiang possess intangible cultural heritage items at both autonomous region and/or state levels.
六、環(huán)境權(quán)利
VI. Environmental Rights
新疆堅(jiān)持節(jié)約資源和保護(hù)環(huán)境的基本國(guó)策，堅(jiān)持環(huán)保優(yōu)先、生態(tài)立區(qū)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展，堅(jiān)持走生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路，不斷改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，促使人與自然和諧共生，有效保障人民的環(huán)境權(quán)利。
Xinjiang upholds the basic national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment. Giving priority to environmental protection, it pursues ecology-friendly and sustainable development on the path toward a future of economic development where life is prosperous and a healthy environment is conserved, so as to constantly promote harmony between man and nature and effectively ensuring the people’s environmental rights.
生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)制度進(jìn)一步完善。頒布實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)實(shí)施〈中華人民共和國(guó)水土保持法〉辦法》《烏魯木齊市大氣污染防治條例》《野生植物保護(hù)條例》《濕地保護(hù)條例》《煤炭石油天然氣開發(fā)環(huán)境保護(hù)條例》等30余部地方性法規(guī)規(guī)章，兩次修訂《環(huán)境保護(hù)條例》。實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)水功能區(qū)劃》。加快推進(jìn)《新疆環(huán)境功能區(qū)劃》修編工作，為生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線的劃分提供基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)依據(jù)。已形成生態(tài)保護(hù)、污染防治、輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)管、危險(xiǎn)廢物及核安全監(jiān)控管理體系。
Framework of eco-environmental protection has been further improved. Over 30 local regulations and rules, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Implementation of the Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Regulations of Urumqi City on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, Regulations on Wild Plants Protection, Regulations on Wetland Protection, and Regulations on the Environmental Protection for the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas have been promulgated and implemented. The Regulations on Environmental Protection have been amended twice. Water Function Zoning of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has been implemented, and work on creating and revising the Environmental Function Zoning of Xinjiang has been accelerated, which will provide a basic technical foundation for the drawing of ecological red lines. A framework of ecological protection, pollution control, radioactive environment monitoring, and monitoring of hazardous waste and nuclear safety is in place.
生態(tài)建設(shè)扎實(shí)推進(jìn)。實(shí)施天然林保護(hù)、退耕還林還草、退牧還草、防沙治沙、生態(tài)治理和修復(fù)、野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)等工程，不斷改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，構(gòu)建生態(tài)安全屏障。2016年以來，明確嚴(yán)禁“高耗能、高污染、高排放”項(xiàng)目進(jìn)新疆，實(shí)行能源、礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)自治區(qū)政府“一支筆”審批制度，實(shí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)“一票否決制度”。截至2016年年底，綠洲森林覆蓋率達(dá)到23.5%，草原綜合植被蓋度達(dá)到41.3%，林網(wǎng)有效保護(hù)了95%的農(nóng)田，年均治理“三化”草地2000萬畝，沙化土地年擴(kuò)展速度下降到82.8平方公里，79條重要河流水質(zhì)優(yōu)良比例達(dá)到94%，濕地總面積超過394萬公頃，有世界自然遺產(chǎn)1處、國(guó)家級(jí)濕地公園28個(gè)、國(guó)家和自治區(qū)級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)29個(gè)。
Solid progress has been made in ecological development. Xinjiang has carried out a number of projects, including natural forest protection, returning farmland to forest or grassland, returning grazing land to grassland, prevention and control of desertification, ecological management and restoration, and wildlife protection, to constantly improve the ecological environment and create secure zones for ecological security. Since 2016, projects involving high energy consumption, serious pollution, and high emissions have been strictly prohibited in Xinjiang. A “one-chop” examination system has been enforced for the development of energy and mineral resources before approval obtained from the government of the autonomous region, besides a “one-veto” system for issues concerning environmental protection. As of the end of 2016, oasis forest coverage had reached 24 percent, grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage had reached 41 percent, and the forest network was providing effective protection to 95 percent of the farmland. Every year, Xinjiang improves 20 million mu (approximately 1,333,333 ha) of grassland suffering from degradation, desertification and salinization, reducing the expansion of desertified land to 82.8 sq km a year. Of the 79 major rivers, 94 percent have high water quality. Wetlands total more than 3.94 million hectares in area. There are 29 state- and autonomous region-level nature reserves, 28 state-level wetland parks, and one world natural heritage.
城市人居環(huán)境持續(xù)改善。全面推進(jìn)城市生態(tài)修復(fù)，加快城市生態(tài)園林建設(shè)和城市濕地資源保護(hù)，不斷提升城市綠化品質(zhì)和綜合服務(wù)功能。截至2015年年底，城市建成區(qū)綠地率達(dá)到34.9%，綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到37.47%，人均公園綠地面積達(dá)到11.5平方米，有國(guó)家和自治區(qū)級(jí)園林城市20個(gè)，國(guó)家和自治區(qū)級(jí)園林縣城44個(gè)，國(guó)家級(jí)城市濕地公園1個(gè)。
Urban living environment continues to improve. Xinjiang has worked to promote urban ecological restoration in an all-round manner, to speed up construction of urban ecological gardens and urban wetland resources, and to continuously enhance the quality of urban green space and comprehensive service functions. As of the end of 2015, the greening rate of urban built-up areas had reached 35 percent, the green coverage rate had reached 37 percent, and per-capita park green area had reached 11.5 sq m. There are 20 state- and autonomous region-level garden cities, 44 state- and autonomous region-level green countytowns, and one state-level urban wetland park.
環(huán)境污染治理措施有力。加大污染防治力度，強(qiáng)化水污染防治，推動(dòng)工業(yè)集聚區(qū)污水集中處理設(shè)施建設(shè)和城鎮(zhèn)污水處理及再生利用設(shè)施建設(shè)。加快推進(jìn)垃圾處置設(shè)施建設(shè)步伐，提高處置能力和達(dá)標(biāo)排放水平。
Effective measures have been adopted for pollution control. Xinjiang has intensified efforts in pollution prevention and control, strengthened water pollution prevention and control, and built centralized sewage treatment facilities in industrial agglomeration areas, as well as urban sewage treatment and recycling facilities. It has accelerated the pace of constructing waste disposal facilities, and improved the disposal capacity and level of up-to-standard discharge.
節(jié)能減排效果明顯。積極調(diào)整優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)，發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)和節(jié)能環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)。2016年風(fēng)電、光伏發(fā)電投產(chǎn)規(guī)模分別達(dá)到1775萬千瓦和892.6萬千瓦，位居全國(guó)第2位和第1位。嚴(yán)格實(shí)行落后產(chǎn)能淘汰制度，累計(jì)淘汰火電、煉鐵、煉鋼、水泥、焦化等行業(yè)落后產(chǎn)能2100萬噸，實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)能量約418萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤?！笆濉逼陂g，二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化學(xué)需氧量和氨氮排放強(qiáng)度同比“十一五”期間分別下降39%、38%、44%和43%，全面完成國(guó)家下達(dá)的四項(xiàng)主要污染物排放總量控制目標(biāo)任務(wù)。加大資金投入，支持工業(yè)、建設(shè)、交通、公共機(jī)構(gòu)等重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)節(jié)能減排工作。新建住宅全面執(zhí)行節(jié)能65%強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，累計(jì)實(shí)施既有居住建筑供熱計(jì)量及節(jié)能改造9514萬平方米。加快發(fā)展城市公共交通，引導(dǎo)居民綠色出行。強(qiáng)化大型公共建筑節(jié)能監(jiān)管，累計(jì)有59家公共機(jī)構(gòu)列入國(guó)家節(jié)約型公共機(jī)構(gòu)示范單位。全面落實(shí)脫硫除塵電價(jià)政策。啟動(dòng)排污權(quán)有償使用和交易試點(diǎn)，積極探索建立環(huán)境資源有償使用的市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。2016年新疆排污權(quán)交易儲(chǔ)備中心正式掛牌成立，排污權(quán)使用和交易試點(diǎn)工作開始走向制度化。
Obvious results have been seen in energy conservation and emission reduction. Xinjiang has actively adjusted and optimized energy consumption and the industrial configuration, and developed a circular economy and energy-conserving and environment-friendly industries. In 2016, its wind and photovoltaic generation capacity reached 17.75 million kilowatts and 8.93 million kilowatts, respectively, ranking second and first among China’s provincial-level administrative divisions. A strict system for mothballing outdated capacity has been implemented, which has decommissioned a total of 21 million tons of outdated capacity in thermal power, iron and steel, cement, coking and other sectors, and saved energy equivalent to about 4.18 million tons of standard coal. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen decreased by 39 percent, 38 percent, 44 percent and 43 percent respectively compared to the previous five-year plan period, showing that Xinjiang has achieved the national targets for controlling the discharge of these four major pollutants. Xinjiang has also given more financial support to energy conservation and emission reduction in industry, construction, transport, public institutions and other key sectors. A mandatory standard of 65 percent reduction in energy consumption has been followed for newly built houses, and 95 million sq m of existing residential buildings have gone through transformation in heating metering and energy conservation. Xinjiang has developed urban public transport, and encouraged residents to use green means of transport. It has strengthened energy efficiency supervision in large public buildings, and 59 public institutions have been included in the national list of energy efficiency demonstration units. A policy of special electricity prices for power plants with desulfurizing and dedusting equipment has been fully implemented. Xinjiang has launched a pilot program of paid use and trading of emissions permits, and actively explored a market regulation mechanism for paid use of environmental resources. In 2016, the Xinjiang Emissions Trading Reserve Center was formally established, marking institutionalization of the pilot work of the use and trade of emissions permits.
環(huán)境監(jiān)察機(jī)制逐步健全。自2015年始，每年對(duì)30%以上的州（地、市）和5%縣（市、區(qū)）開展環(huán)境執(zhí)法稽查。實(shí)施“網(wǎng)格化”環(huán)境監(jiān)管，確定重點(diǎn)監(jiān)管對(duì)象，劃分監(jiān)管等級(jí)，確立監(jiān)管人員案件質(zhì)量終身負(fù)責(zé)制。對(duì)環(huán)境投訴舉報(bào)實(shí)行“首問首接責(zé)任制”，開通12369環(huán)保舉報(bào)熱線。啟動(dòng)典型環(huán)境違法案件曝光機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)重點(diǎn)污染企業(yè)環(huán)保信用評(píng)價(jià)和信息公開，定期公開違法違規(guī)單位的整改情況和執(zhí)法內(nèi)容。
Mechanism of environmental monitoring has been improved. Since 2015, inspection of environmental law enforcement has been carried out in more than 30 percent of prefectures (districts or cities) and 5 percent of counties (cities or districts at the same level). A “grid” of environmental supervision has been established in which key objects for supervision are determined and levels of supervision are classified, and a system that supervisors shoulder a life-long responsibility for case quality has been established. Regarding environment-related complaints and reports, a responsibility system has been implemented, in which the first person who receives the complaint/report shall make sure the case is handled properly. A 12369 hotline for reporting environmental problems has been opened. A mechanism of exposing typical cases of environmental violation has been launched. Publicity concerning environmental credit evaluation and information about polluting enterprises has been strengthened, and information on rectification and enforcement actions against those violating laws and rules is regularly publicized.
環(huán)境違法行為受到懲處。強(qiáng)化政府和企業(yè)的環(huán)保責(zé)任，加大對(duì)環(huán)境違法的處罰和責(zé)任追究力度。摸底排查并全面清理違法違規(guī)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。建立環(huán)保部門與公安、法院、檢察院、監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度，實(shí)行案件移送、聯(lián)合調(diào)查、案情通報(bào)、信息共享。邀請(qǐng)公民、法人和其他組織參與監(jiān)督環(huán)境執(zhí)法，實(shí)現(xiàn)執(zhí)法全過程公開。
Illegal activities detrimental to the environment are punished. Xinjiang has strengthened environmental protection responsibilities for government and enterprises, and strengthened the investigation and punishment of those responsible for illegal activities detrimental to the environment. It has conducted thorough investigations into and comprehensive clean-up of construction projects violating relevant laws and rules. It has established a joint meeting system between environmental protection departments and police, courts, procuratorates, and supervisory departments for joint investigation, case briefing, case transfer, and information sharing. It has also invited citizens, legal persons and other organizations to participate in supervision in relation to environmental law enforcement, making public the whole process of law enforcement.
七、宗教信仰自由權(quán)利
VII. Right to Freedom of Religious Belief
在新疆，國(guó)家堅(jiān)持保護(hù)合法、制止非法、遏制極端、抵御滲透、打擊犯罪的原則，全面貫徹落實(shí)宗教信仰自由政策，正常宗教活動(dòng)受到法律保護(hù)，公民宗教信仰自由得到依法保障。
Subject to the basic principles of “protecting the lawful, banning the unlawful, containing the extremist, resisting penetration, and punishing crime,” the state and the autonomous region fully implement the policy of freedom of religious belief, protecting normal religious activities and ensuring the public’s freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law.
宗教信仰自由得到尊重保護(hù)。憲法規(guī)定：“中華人民共和國(guó)公民有宗教信仰自由?！眹?guó)務(wù)院頒布的《宗教事務(wù)條例》和新疆制定的《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)宗教事務(wù)條例》，體現(xiàn)了這一憲法精神。信仰或不信仰宗教，信仰這種宗教或那種宗教，完全由公民自主選擇。公民不因信仰宗教或不信仰宗教而受到歧視和不公正待遇。侵犯公民宗教信仰自由要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。依法加強(qiáng)宗教事務(wù)管理，宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所和正常宗教活動(dòng)受到保護(hù)。實(shí)行有組織、有計(jì)劃的朝覲政策，加強(qiáng)服務(wù)保障，確保朝覲活動(dòng)安全有序。
Freedom of religious belief is respected and protected. It is stipulated in the Constitution of China, “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.” This principle is also reflected in the Regulations on Religious Affairs promulgated by the State Council and the Regulations on Religious Affairs of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is up to the individual concerned to make his or her free decision to believe in or not to believe in any religion, and to believe in one religion or another. Citizens shall not subject to discrimination or unfair treatment because they believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. Anyone who encroaches on the citizens’ freedom of religious belief shall bear legal liability. Xinjiang has strengthened its management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, protecting venues for lawful religious activities. It has implemented a policy for planning and organizing pilgrimages to Mecca, and has strengthened services to ensure that all such pilgrimages are safe and orderly.
正常宗教需求得到滿足。以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍，僅《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓(xùn)實(shí)錄精華》等就達(dá)176萬余冊(cè)。成立《新疆穆斯林》雜志社，出版維吾爾、漢、哈薩克三種文本雜志。開辦維吾爾、漢兩種語言文字的新疆穆斯林網(wǎng)。宗教團(tuán)體舉辦信教公民宗教知識(shí)、禮儀培訓(xùn)班，滿足信教公民學(xué)習(xí)和了解宗教知識(shí)的愿望。
Normal religious needs have been satisfied. Xinjiang has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity in multiple languages. It has printed and distributed 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari. Xinjiang Muslims, a periodical established in 2015, publishes in Uygur, Han Chinese, and Kazak. An internet portal for Xinjiang’s Muslims is available in Uygur and Han Chinese. Religious organizations have organized training courses on religious knowledge and etiquette for citizens with religious beliefs.
宗教團(tuán)體合法權(quán)益得到有效維護(hù)。新疆現(xiàn)有宗教團(tuán)體112個(gè)，政府幫助宗教團(tuán)體改善條件，支持宗教團(tuán)體發(fā)揮作用。不斷完善培訓(xùn)體系，培養(yǎng)后備宗教教職人員，對(duì)宗教教職人員進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)培訓(xùn)，提高綜合素質(zhì)，提升宗教團(tuán)體自我管理水平。政府經(jīng)常組織教職人員赴內(nèi)地學(xué)習(xí)交流，開闊視野，提升素養(yǎng)。中央政府支持新疆伊斯蘭教經(jīng)學(xué)院擴(kuò)建校舍，改善教學(xué)環(huán)境，擴(kuò)大招生規(guī)模。
Legitimate rights of religious organizations have been effectively safeguarded. Xinjiang has 112 religious organizations, which receive help from the government to improve their conditions and allow them to play a broader role. Steady improvements have been made in the training system to cultivate clerics, by offering them systemic training, enhancing their overall qualities, and raising religious organizations’ capacity of self-management. The government organizes trips for Xinjiang’s clerics to study in the more developed parts of China and exchange with their counterparts there, so that they may broaden their vista and improve their overall qualities. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.
對(duì)外宗教交流不斷深入。新疆宗教界代表多次參加國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流會(huì)和研討會(huì)。教職人員和宗教院校學(xué)生多次在國(guó)際上舉辦的《古蘭經(jīng)》誦讀比賽中獲獎(jiǎng)。2001年以來，先后選派70多名經(jīng)學(xué)院校學(xué)生和教職人員赴埃及、巴基斯坦等國(guó)高校留學(xué)深造，并設(shè)立獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)優(yōu)秀學(xué)員。組織有宗教界人士參加的出訪團(tuán)多次赴國(guó)外訪問交流，向國(guó)際社會(huì)介紹新疆經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展、宗教信仰自由狀況，增進(jìn)相互了解和友誼。
Overseas religious exchanges have been conducted in increasing depth. Xinjiang’s religious circles have sent delegations to international academic exchanges and seminars, and its clerics and students at religious institutes have won prizes in competitions for reciting the Quran. Since 2001, Xinjiang has sent more than 70 clerics and students from the Islamic Institute to study at institutions of higher learning in Egypt, Pakistan, and other countries, and has set up scholarships to award those who achieve outstanding performance. It has organized delegations of religious figures to visit other countries, briefing the international community on Xinjiang’s socioeconomic development and its freedom of religious belief, so as to enhance mutual understanding and friendship.
依法遏制宗教極端思想滲透。受國(guó)際宗教極端主義思潮影響，近些年來，宗教極端主義在新疆滋生蔓延。宗教極端勢(shì)力歪曲宗教教義，蠱惑蒙騙公眾，強(qiáng)迫他人接受宗教極端思想，大肆制造暴恐活動(dòng)，殘害包括宗教人士和信教公民在內(nèi)的各族無辜群眾。為保障公民宗教信仰自由，新疆持續(xù)開展去極端化工作，實(shí)施《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)去極端化條例》，依法加強(qiáng)宗教事務(wù)管理，防范和打擊宗教極端，有效遏制了宗教極端主義滲透蔓延的態(tài)勢(shì)。
Penetration of religious extremism has been curbed in accordance with the law. Influenced by international religious extremism, religious extremism has been spreading in Xinjiang in recent years. Extremist forces distort Islamic theology, bewitching the public, and force their extremist ideas onto others. They have masterminded large-scale incidents of violence and terrorism, injuring and killing innocent people of any ethnic group, even their fellow Islamic clerics and Muslims. To ensure citizens’ right to freedom of religious belief, Xinjiang has worked hard to combat extremism. It has implemented the Regulations on Anti-extremism of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, strengthened management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, and prevented and neutralized religious extremism, effectively curbing its spread.
八、婦女、兒童、老年人、殘疾人權(quán)利
VIII. Rights of Women, Children, the Elderly and Disabled
在新疆，婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人權(quán)利得到尊重保障，依法平等享有公民各項(xiàng)權(quán)利，中央和自治區(qū)政府還采取了一些有針對(duì)性的措施，滿足他們的特殊需求。
The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region respects and guarantees the rights of women, children, the elderly and the disabled, who enjoy all civil rights on an equal footing in accordance with the law. Both the central and the autonomous regional governments have taken targeted measures to meet their special needs.
婦女權(quán)利得到全面保障。逐步建立完善保障婦女權(quán)益的各項(xiàng)制度。消除就業(yè)性別歧視，實(shí)行男女同工同酬，促進(jìn)和幫助婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)，加強(qiáng)女職工特殊勞動(dòng)保護(hù)。婦女參與公共事務(wù)管理的人數(shù)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，女干部從1955年的14661人增長(zhǎng)到2015年的43.5萬人。預(yù)防和打擊強(qiáng)奸、拐賣婦女和組織、強(qiáng)迫婦女賣淫等嚴(yán)重侵害婦女人身權(quán)利的違法犯罪行為。實(shí)施《中華人民共和國(guó)反家庭暴力法》《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)預(yù)防和制止家庭暴力規(guī)定》，探索建立反家暴聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制，試點(diǎn)建立“反家庭暴力工作服務(wù)站”。為城鎮(zhèn)社區(qū)婦女開展宮頸癌、乳腺癌免費(fèi)篩查，為貧困婦女提供免費(fèi)健康檢查。截至2016年年底，孕產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)前檢查率達(dá)到95.45%，住院分娩率達(dá)到98.78%，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率下降到33.14/10萬。
Women’s rights have been safeguarded. Xinjiang has gradually created and improved a range of systems for safeguarding women’s rights and interests, by eliminating gender discrimination in employment, ensuring that men and women get equal pay for equal work, promoting women’s employment and encouraging and helping women to start businesses, and strengthening special labor protection for women employees. Steady increase has been observed in the number of women participating in the management of public affairs; female officials increased in number from 14,661 in 1955 to 435,000 in 2015. The autonomous region prevents and strikes hard at serious crimes encroaching upon women’s right of the person, including the rape, abducting and trafficking of women, and organized and forced prostitution. It implements the Anti-Domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Preventing and Prohibiting Domestic Violence and explores joint-action mechanisms against domestic violence, and has set up pilot “anti-domestic violence work stations.” Free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening has been held for women living in urban communities, and free health examination for impoverished women. By the end of 2016, 95.45 percent of pregnant and lying-in women were receiving prenatal examination, the hospital delivery rate had reached 98.78 percent, and the mortality rate of pregnant and lying-in women had dropped to 33.14 per 100,000.
兒童權(quán)利得到充分保護(hù)。截至2016年年底，嬰兒死亡率、5歲以下兒童死亡率分別下降到16.43‰、26.31‰，計(jì)劃免疫接種率達(dá)90%以上。實(shí)施“春蕾計(jì)劃”“兒童快樂家園”“百萬家庭親情一線牽”“重生行動(dòng)——全國(guó)貧困家庭唇腭裂兒童手術(shù)康復(fù)計(jì)劃”“春苗工程——新疆兒童先天性心臟病免費(fèi)救治項(xiàng)目”等。建立流浪兒童救助保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系和早期預(yù)防干預(yù)機(jī)制，在全國(guó)率先開展“接流浪兒童回家”活動(dòng)，健全流浪兒童生活、教育、管理、返鄉(xiāng)和安置保障制度，對(duì)有嚴(yán)重不良行為的兒童進(jìn)行行為矯治。增設(shè)孤殘兒童養(yǎng)護(hù)、流浪兒童保護(hù)和殘疾兒童康復(fù)的專業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。福利機(jī)構(gòu)供養(yǎng)孤兒最低基本生活費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由2009年的360元/月提高到2016年的900元/月。開展農(nóng)村留守兒童“合力監(jiān)護(hù)、相伴成長(zhǎng)”關(guān)愛保護(hù)專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)無人監(jiān)護(hù)等重點(diǎn)對(duì)象的干預(yù)幫扶，力爭(zhēng)到2017年年底將全區(qū)所有農(nóng)村留守兒童納入有效監(jiān)護(hù)范圍。著力完善縣、鄉(xiāng)、村三級(jí)兒童服務(wù)體系，建立面向城鄉(xiāng)困境兒童包括強(qiáng)制報(bào)告、應(yīng)急處置、評(píng)估幫扶、監(jiān)護(hù)干預(yù)在內(nèi)的救助保護(hù)機(jī)制。已有10個(gè)法院設(shè)立獨(dú)立建制的綜合少年審判庭，固定合議庭24個(gè)，指定專人辦理未成年人案件的法院有42個(gè)，直接參與審理涉少案件的審判法官共有215人。
Children’s rights have been fully protected. By the end of 2016, the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of five had dropped to 16.43 per thousand and 26.31 per thousand, respectively, and the EPI (endemic planned immunization) coverage rate had surpassed 90 percent. The autonomous region has carried out a series of programs, including the Spring Bud Project, Happy Homes for Children, Heng’ai Action, Reborn Action – the poor family’s children with cleft lip and palate operation rehabilitation program – and the Chunmiao Project – a program that provides free medical care to children in Xinjiang who suffer from congenital heart diseases. It has established a network for the protection of homeless children and a mechanism for early prevention and intervention in this regard. It took the lead in the country to start the program of “taking street children home”, by such means as improving mechanisms for the life, education, management, return, placement and security of vagabond children, and correcting some serious misbehavior. The autonomous region has established more professional service organizations for nursing and caring for the orphaned and disabled children, protecting street children, and rehabilitating disabled children. The minimum basic living standard for orphans in welfare institutions has increased from RMB360 per month in 2009 to RMB900 per month in 2016. A special project has been carried out on the joint guardianship of left-behind children in rural areas to strengthen intervention over and assistance to key individuals, especially the unsupervised, with a view of providing all rural left-behind children with effective guardianship by the end of 2017. Primary attention has been made on improving children service systems at county, township and village levels, and on building a protection and assistance mechanism incorporating compulsory reporting, emergency disposal, assessment and assistance, and guardianship and intervention. Ten courts have set up independent comprehensive juvenile tribunals, in addition to 24 fixed collegial panels and 42 courts that appoint special personnel to handle juvenile cases. There are in total 215 trial judges who are directly involved in the trial of juvenile cases in Xinjiang.
老年人權(quán)利保障機(jī)制不斷健全。推進(jìn)普遍性服務(wù)和個(gè)性化服務(wù)協(xié)同發(fā)展，滿足多層次、多樣化的健康養(yǎng)老需求。擴(kuò)大社區(qū)養(yǎng)老覆蓋范圍，探索日間照料式養(yǎng)老等社區(qū)養(yǎng)老方式。2010年至2016年，累計(jì)投入41.77億元建設(shè)504所養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)，投入4.3億元建設(shè)“失能失智”老人照料中心，投入8100萬元建設(shè)老年養(yǎng)護(hù)院、社會(huì)福利院、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)服務(wù)福利中心、社區(qū)日間照料中心、農(nóng)村互助幸福院等項(xiàng)目。制定實(shí)施政府購(gòu)買養(yǎng)老服務(wù)、福利機(jī)構(gòu)公建民營(yíng)等政策。截至2016年年底，有為老服務(wù)社會(huì)組織和機(jī)構(gòu)1998個(gè)，社區(qū)為老服務(wù)專兼職人員4328人，為老服務(wù)志愿者47053人。建立健全自治區(qū)、市（地、州）、縣（市、區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)、街道）、村（社區(qū)）五級(jí)老齡工作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
The mechanism for protecting the rights of the elderly has constantly improved. To meet the multi-level and diverse healthcare needs of the elderly, the autonomous region promotes the coordinated development of universal and customized services. It has increased coverage of community-based care for the elderly, and has explored day-care for the elderly and other ways within communities. From 2010 to 2016, Xinjiang had invested a total of RMB4.18 billion in building 504 nursing institutions for the aged, RMB430 million in building care centers for elderly people with disabilities and dementia, and RMB81 million in building nursing homes, social welfare institutes, township service and welfare centers, community day-care centers, rural elderly people’s homes and other programs. It has also formulated and implemented policies whereby government purchases pension services, and welfare institutions are founded by government but operated privately. By the end of 2016, there were 1,998 social organizations and institutions, 4,328 full-time and part-time personnel, and 47,053 volunteers providing services for the aged. Xinjiang has also set up and improved an old-age network at five levels – autonomous region, city (prefecture), county (county-level city, district), township (residential district) and village (community).
殘疾人權(quán)益保障成效顯著。新疆現(xiàn)有殘疾人106.9萬人，其中有22.5萬人納入城鄉(xiāng)居民最低生活保障，29.8萬人參加城鄉(xiāng)居民基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)，貧困殘疾人個(gè)人繳費(fèi)部分由政府代繳，4萬名重度殘疾人得到托養(yǎng)服務(wù)，36.4萬名困難殘疾人和重度殘疾人享受了殘疾人生活補(bǔ)貼和護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼。實(shí)施國(guó)家級(jí)重點(diǎn)康復(fù)項(xiàng)目和新疆貧困殘疾人康復(fù)救助關(guān)愛工程，現(xiàn)有各類康復(fù)機(jī)構(gòu)168個(gè)，社區(qū)康復(fù)站1738個(gè)。截至2016年年底，累計(jì)提供康復(fù)醫(yī)療和服務(wù)約114.3萬人次，實(shí)施白內(nèi)障復(fù)明手術(shù)21.43萬例，免費(fèi)發(fā)放殘疾人輔助器具15.69萬件。創(chuàng)建無障礙環(huán)境市縣，對(duì)25360戶貧困殘疾人家庭實(shí)施了無障礙改造。截至2016年年底，城鎮(zhèn)殘疾人就業(yè)6.7萬人，農(nóng)牧區(qū)殘疾人就業(yè)22.3萬人。高校普遍招收殘疾考生。普通中小學(xué)在讀殘疾學(xué)生7537人，29所特教學(xué)校在校殘疾學(xué)生2927人，747個(gè)殘疾人職業(yè)培訓(xùn)基地累計(jì)使11萬名城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人接受職業(yè)培訓(xùn)，殘疾人文盲率由1987年的57%下降至目前的31%。建成殘疾人扶貧基地358個(gè)，累計(jì)扶持貧困殘疾人2萬余人。自治區(qū)和半數(shù)以上的市（地、州）開設(shè)了殘疾人專題廣播節(jié)目和電視手語新聞欄目，設(shè)立盲文及盲人有聲讀物閱覽室16個(gè)，建立殘疾人體育訓(xùn)練基地5個(gè)。在北京殘奧會(huì)、倫敦殘奧會(huì)等重大體育賽事中，新疆殘疾人運(yùn)動(dòng)員共奪得金牌201枚、銀牌132枚、銅牌125枚。殘疾人組織遍布1073個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）、9207個(gè)社區(qū)（村），226個(gè)殘疾人法律救助、援助協(xié)調(diào)和工作機(jī)構(gòu)累計(jì)為殘疾人提供法律服務(wù)167564人次。
Marked progress has been made in the protection of the rights and interests of the disabled. Xinjiang has now 1.07 million people with disabilities. Of these, 225,000 are covered by the subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents, and 298,000 have participated in the basic old-age insurance schemes respectively for urban and rural residents. Personal contributions of the disabled living under the prescribed poverty lines are paid by the government on their behalf. 40,000 people with severe disabilities have been provided with nursing services, and 364,000 impoverished people with disabilities and severe disabilities have been granted living allowances and nursing subsidies. Xinjiang has implemented national key rehabilitation programs and regional rehabilitation, relief and care projects for impoverished disabled people. It now has 168 rehabilitation institutions of various types and 1,738 community rehabilitation centers. By the end of 2016, it had provided rehabilitation treatment and service to 1.14 million recipients, performed 214,300 cataract operations, and distributed 156,900 assistive devices for free. The autonomous region endeavors to build barrier-free environments in cities and counties, and has carried out barrier-free transformation for 25,360 impoverished households with disabled family members. By the end of 2016, 67,000 jobs had been provided to disabled people in urban areas, and 223,000 to those in agricultural and pastoral areas. Colleges and universities generally recruit students with disabilities. In total, 7,537 disabled students are now studying in general elementary and secondary schools, and 2,927 in 29 special education schools. 747 vocational training bases have provided training to a total of 110,000 disabled people in urban and rural areas, and the illiteracy rate of the disabled has dropped from 57 percent in 1987 to today’ s 31 percent. Xinjiang has built 358 poverty alleviation bases for the disabled, and has provided support to more than 20,000 people with disabilities to improve their living conditions. The autonomous region and more than half of its cities (prefectures) have developed special broadcasting programs for people with disabilities and TV news programs in sign language, set up 16 Braille and audio book reading rooms for the blind, and built five sports training bases for people with disabilities. In the Beijing Paralympic Games, London Paralympic Games and other major sports events, disabled athletes from Xinjiang have won 201 gold medals, 132 silver ones and 125 bronze ones. Organizations for disabled persons are found in 1,073 townships (residential districts) and 9,207 communities (villages), and 226 legal assistance, coordination and working organizations have provided legal services to 167,564 recipients.
事實(shí)證明，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度為新疆人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步提供了堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的制度保障，經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展為新疆人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，和諧穩(wěn)定的政治環(huán)境為新疆人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步創(chuàng)造了良好的社會(huì)條件。尊重和保障人權(quán)是中國(guó)的憲法原則。推動(dòng)人權(quán)的不斷發(fā)展進(jìn)步，是包括新疆各族人民在內(nèi)的全中國(guó)人民的不懈追求。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和中國(guó)政府的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，隨著“兩個(gè)一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國(guó)夢(mèng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，新疆的人權(quán)保障將提升到更高的水平，新疆各族人民將迎來更加美好的明天！
The socialist system with Chinese characteristics has provided a solid institutional guarantee to human rights development in Xinjiang; the rapid economic and social development has provided a solid material foundation; and the harmonious and stable political environment has ensured a satisfactory social environment. It is a principle of the Constitution to respect and protect human rights. To promote progress in human rights is the consistent pursuit of all Chinese people, including the ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government, and with the realization of the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, further improvement will be seen in the protection of human rights in Xinjiang, and all ethnic groups in Xinjiang will be sure to greet a brighter future.
