中國的核安全
Nuclear Safety in China
中華人民共和國國務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2019年9月
September 2019
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、樹立理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy
二、構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety
三、實施科學(xué)有效安全監(jiān)管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety
四、保持高水平安全
IV. Maintaining High-Level Safety
五、營造共建共享的核安全氛圍
V. Co-building and Sharing Nuclear Safety
六、打造核安全命運共同體
VI. Building a Community of Shared Future for Nuclear Safety
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
前言
Preface
原子的發(fā)現(xiàn)和核能的開發(fā)利用，給人類發(fā)展帶來了新的動力，極大增強了人類認(rèn)識世界和改造世界的能力。同時，核能發(fā)展也伴生著安全風(fēng)險和挑戰(zhàn)。人類要更好利用核能、實現(xiàn)更大發(fā)展，必須應(yīng)對好各種核安全挑戰(zhàn)，維護(hù)好核安全。
The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy have given a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced our ability to understand and shape the world. Yet nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. To better utilize nuclear energy and achieve greater progress, we must properly respond to the challenges it poses and ensure nuclear safety.
中華人民共和國成立初期，面對國家建設(shè)和發(fā)展的需要，中國政府作出了開發(fā)利用核能的重大決定，中國核事業(yè)（注1）正式起步。近70年來，中國核事業(yè)從無到有、持續(xù)發(fā)展，形成了完備的核工業(yè)體系，為保障能源安全、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、提高人民生活水平、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國始終把保障核安全作為重要的國家責(zé)任，融入核能開發(fā)利用全過程，始終以安全為前提發(fā)展核事業(yè)，按照最嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實施監(jiān)督管理，始終積極適應(yīng)核事業(yè)發(fā)展的新要求，不斷推動核安全與時俱進(jìn)、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，保持了良好的安全記錄，走出一條中國特色核安全之路。
In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, due to the requirement for national development, the Chinese government made a major decision to develop and utilize nuclear energy, officially launching its nuclear industry.1 Over the past 70 years, China’s nuclear industry has grown from scratch, developed steadily, and formed a complete system, which has made an important contribution to ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, improving people’s living standards, and promoting high-quality economic development. China has always regarded nuclear safety as an important national responsibility, and integrated it into the entire process of nuclear energy development and utilization. It has always developed the nuclear industry subject to considerations of safety, implemented regulation in accordance with the strictest standards, and adapted to the new requirements of the nuclear industry. China’s nuclear industry has always developed in line with the latest safety standards and maintained a good safety record, pursuing an innovation-driven path of nuclear safety with Chinese characteristics.
黨的十八大以來，中國的核安全事業(yè)進(jìn)入安全高效發(fā)展的新時期。習(xí)近平主席提出理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，強調(diào)發(fā)展和安全并重，倡導(dǎo)打造全球核安全命運共同體，為新時期中國核安全發(fā)展指明了方向，為推進(jìn)核能開發(fā)利用國際合作、實現(xiàn)全球持久核安全提供了中國方案。在核安全觀引領(lǐng)下，中國逐步構(gòu)建起法律規(guī)范、行政監(jiān)管、行業(yè)自律、技術(shù)保障、人才支撐、文化引領(lǐng)、社會參與、國際合作等為主體的核安全治理體系，核安全防線更加牢固。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s nuclear industry has entered a new period of safe and efficient development. President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy, placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and advocating building a community of shared future for global nuclear safety – he has pointed out the direction for China’s nuclear safety for a new era, and provided the Chinese approach to international cooperation in the development and utilization of nuclear energy, and to lasting global nuclear safety. Under the guidance of this strategy, China has gradually built a nuclear safety governance system with legal norms, administrative regulation, industry self-discipline, technical support, personnel support, cultural guidance, public participation, and international cooperation as the pillars. The guarantee of nuclear safety is stronger.
作為構(gòu)建公平、合作、共贏的國際核安全體系的重要倡導(dǎo)者、推動者和參與者，中國在做好自身核安全的同時，認(rèn)真履行核安全國際義務(wù)，大力推動核安全雙多邊合作，積極促進(jìn)核能和平利用造福全人類，為全球核安全治理貢獻(xiàn)了中國智慧、中國力量。
China is an important advocate, promoter and participant in building a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety system. It has done a good job in ensuring its own nuclear safety, fulfilled its international obligations, and promoted bilateral and multilateral cooperation on nuclear safety. We have actively promoted the peaceful use of nuclear energy for the benefit of all humanity and contributed China’s wisdom and strength to global nuclear safety governance.
為介紹中國核安全事業(yè)發(fā)展歷程，闡述中國核安全的基本原則和政策主張，分享中國核安全監(jiān)管的理念和實踐，闡明中國推進(jìn)全球核安全治理進(jìn)程的決心和行動，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
This white paper is being released to introduce China’s approach to nuclear safety, elaborate on its basic principles and policies, share the concepts and practices of regulation, and clarify China’s determination to promote global nuclear safety governance and the actions it has taken to achieve this.
（注1）本白皮書不包括中國香港特別行政區(qū)、中國澳門特別行政區(qū)、臺灣省相關(guān)情況。
1 This white paper does not include information relating to the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions, and Taiwan Province.
一、樹立理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy
2014年3月24日，在荷蘭海牙第三屆核安全峰會上，習(xí)近平主席提出理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀。中國核安全觀是習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想在核安全領(lǐng)域的集中體現(xiàn)，是中國總體國家安全觀的重要組成部分，是核安全治理領(lǐng)域的重大理論創(chuàng)新，是推進(jìn)國際核安全進(jìn)程的重要里程碑，為解決核安全全球治理的根本性問題，構(gòu)建核安全命運共同體指明了原則、方法和路徑。
On March 24, 2014, at the third Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the Netherlands, President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy. China’s nuclear safety strategy is the embodiment of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the nuclear field, an important element of China’s overall national security framework, and a major innovation in the theory of nuclear safety governance. The strategy is an important milestone in promoting international nuclear safety. It lays out the principles and methods for addressing the fundamental issues of global nuclear safety governance and building a community of shared future for nuclear safety.
中國核安全觀的核心內(nèi)涵是“四個并重”。全面系統(tǒng)推進(jìn)核安全進(jìn)程，是中國核安全觀的核心要義，體現(xiàn)為發(fā)展和安全并重、權(quán)利和義務(wù)并重、自主和協(xié)作并重、治標(biāo)和治本并重。
The kernel of China’s nuclear safety strategy is the “Four Emphases”. Systematically promoting nuclear safety in an all-round way is the main purpose of China’s nuclear safety strategy, which is embodied in equal emphasis on development and safety, rights and obligations, independent efforts and coordination, and symptoms and root causes.
——發(fā)展和安全并重，以確保安全為前提發(fā)展核能事業(yè)。發(fā)展是安全的基礎(chǔ)，安全是發(fā)展的條件。發(fā)展和安全是人類和平利用核能的基本訴求，猶如車之兩輪、鳥之雙翼，相輔相成、缺一不可。應(yīng)秉持為發(fā)展求安全、以安全促發(fā)展的理念，讓發(fā)展和安全兩個目標(biāo)有機(jī)融合、相互促進(jìn)。只有實現(xiàn)更好發(fā)展，才能真正管控安全風(fēng)險；只有實現(xiàn)安全保障，核能才能持續(xù)發(fā)展。
– We should place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop the nuclear industry in a context of guaranteed safety. Development is the foundation of safety, while safety is a precondition of development. Development and safety are the basic requirements of humanity for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. We should uphold the concept of seeking safety for development and promoting development with safety, so that the two objectives can be integrated and mutually reinforcing. Only by achieving better development can we truly control safety risks; and only by guaranteeing safety can nuclear energy achieve sustainable development.
——權(quán)利和義務(wù)并重，以尊重各國權(quán)益為基礎(chǔ)推進(jìn)國際核安全進(jìn)程。各國應(yīng)切實履行核安全國際法律文書規(guī)定的義務(wù)，全面執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國安理會有關(guān)決議，鞏固和發(fā)展現(xiàn)有核安全法律框架。同時，堅持公平原則，秉持務(wù)實精神，尊重各國根據(jù)本國國情采取適合自身的核安全政策和舉措的權(quán)利，尊重各國保護(hù)核安全敏感信息的權(quán)利。
– We should place equal emphasis on rights and obligations, and promote international nuclear safety on the basis of respect for the rights and interests of all countries. States should effectively fulfill their obligations under the international legal instruments on nuclear safety, fully implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, and consolidate and develop the existing legal framework for nuclear safety. At the same time, we should adhere to the principle of fairness and uphold pragmatism in respecting the right of all countries to adopt their own nuclear safety policies and measures suited to their national conditions, and respecting their right to protect sensitive nuclear safety information.
——自主和協(xié)作并重，以互利共贏為途徑尋求普遍核安全。核安全首先是國家課題，首要責(zé)任應(yīng)由各國政府承擔(dān)。各國政府應(yīng)知責(zé)任、負(fù)責(zé)任，既對自己負(fù)責(zé)，也對世界負(fù)責(zé)，加強協(xié)作、共建共享、互利共贏，既從中受益，也作出貢獻(xiàn)，努力實現(xiàn)核安全進(jìn)程全球化。
– We should place equal emphasis on independent efforts and coordination, and seek universal nuclear safety with a mutually beneficial approach. Nuclear safety is first and foremost a national issue, and the primary responsibility should be borne by the government of each country. Governments should understand and undertake their responsibilities, and be responsible not only to themselves but also to the world. They should strengthen coordination, make joint efforts, share achievements, and seek mutual benefit. We should benefit from and contribute to nuclear safety, and endeavor to globalize nuclear safety.
——治標(biāo)和治本并重，以消除根源為目標(biāo)全面推進(jìn)核安全努力。完善核安全政策舉措，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化和低風(fēng)險核能，堅持核材料供需平衡，加強防擴(kuò)散出口控制，深化打擊核恐怖主義國際合作，消除核安全隱患和核擴(kuò)散風(fēng)險。各國應(yīng)團(tuán)結(jié)起來，發(fā)展和諧友善的國家關(guān)系，共同營造和平穩(wěn)定的國際環(huán)境，從根源上解決核恐怖主義和核擴(kuò)散問題，實現(xiàn)核能的持久安全和發(fā)展。
– We should place equal emphasis on symptoms and root causes, and comprehensively promote nuclear safety by eliminating the root causes of risk. We will improve nuclear safety policy measures, develop modern and low-risk nuclear energy, maintain a balance between supply and demand in nuclear materials, strengthen non-proliferation efforts and export control, further international cooperation against nuclear terrorism, and eliminate potential dangers to nuclear safety and risks of nuclear proliferation. All countries should work together to develop harmonious and friendly relations, create a peaceful and stable international environment, and solve the problems of nuclear terrorism and proliferation from the root, thus realizing the lasting safety and development of nuclear energy.
中國在確保安全基礎(chǔ)上開展核能和平利用，既滿足當(dāng)代人的需要，又不對子孫后代遺留隱患、構(gòu)成危害，以保障人類文明永續(xù)發(fā)展。中國核安全工作的基本原則是：安全第一、依法治核，預(yù)防為主、縱深防御，責(zé)任明確、獨立監(jiān)管，嚴(yán)格管理、全面保障。
China practices peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of ensuring safety, which responds to the needs of the people today and will not leave any risk or cause harm to future generations. This practice will guarantee the sustainable development of human civilization.
The basic principles of China’s nuclear safety are: putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law, focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth, ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation, and practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees.
——安全第一、依法治核。牢固樹立“安全大于天”的觀念，確保核安全決策不受其他因素影響。不斷健全核安全法律法規(guī)體系，確保依法依規(guī)開發(fā)利用核能。
– Putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law. We should establish the concept that safety is of the utmost importance and ensure that nuclear safety is the paramount consideration in decision-making. We will continue to improve the system of laws and regulations on nuclear safety, and ensure that nuclear energy is developed and utilized in accordance with the law.
——預(yù)防為主、縱深防御。重視通過成熟的設(shè)計、高質(zhì)量的建造和運行管理，消除隱患，預(yù)防核事故發(fā)生。貫徹縱深防御理念，設(shè)置多道防御屏障和多重保護(hù)，強化防御措施的完整性、獨立性和有效性。
– Focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth. We should concentrate our efforts on eliminating potential risks and preventing nuclear accidents through mature design, high-quality construction, and sound operational management. Following the principle of defense-in-depth, we set up multiple barriers and multiple forms of protection, and strengthen the integrity, independence, and effectiveness of preventative measures.
——責(zé)任明確、獨立監(jiān)管。核設(shè)施營運單位對核安全負(fù)全面責(zé)任。國家核安全監(jiān)管部門獨立實施核安全監(jiān)管；國家核工業(yè)主管部門、能源主管部門和其他有關(guān)部門按照職責(zé)分工負(fù)責(zé)有關(guān)的核安全管理工作。
– Ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation. Nuclear facility operating organizations shall take overall responsibility for safety. The national nuclear safety regulatory body implements independent regulation; the nuclear industry and energy authorities, and other relevant authorities are responsible for the management of nuclear safety in accordance with the division of duties.
——嚴(yán)格管理、全面保障。嚴(yán)格落實核安全法律法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，通過行政許可、技術(shù)審評、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法等方式實施監(jiān)管。建立核安全工作協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，完善核安全政策法規(guī)，制定實施核安全規(guī)劃，培育核安全文化，加強資源配置和能力建設(shè)，全面保障核安全。
– Practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees. We should strictly implement nuclear safety laws, regulations and standards, and carry out regulation through administrative licensing, technical review, surveillance, and law enforcement. We will establish a coordination mechanism for nuclear safety, improve the relevant policies and regulations, formulate and implement relevant plans, foster a nuclear safety culture, and strengthen resource allocation and capacity building, so as to ensure comprehensive nuclear safety.
二、構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety
中國是核能與核技術(shù)利用大國，核安全是國家安全的重要內(nèi)容，政策法規(guī)是核安全的基本保障。中國從高從嚴(yán)構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系，實施國家核安全戰(zhàn)略，制定核安全中長期規(guī)劃，完善核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確保核安全管理要求從高不從低、管理尺度從嚴(yán)不從寬。
China is a leading country in the application of nuclear energy and technologies. Nuclear safety is critical to national security, and the corresponding policies and laws are the cornerstone of nuclear safety. To achieve optimal management of nuclear safety, China employs the highest standards and strictest requirements in shaping the policy and legal framework, implementing a national strategy, making medium- and long-term plans, and improving laws and regulations concerning nuclear safety.
制定實施國家核安全戰(zhàn)略。中國將開發(fā)利用核能作為促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會快速發(fā)展、建設(shè)美麗中國的重要戰(zhàn)略，納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展中長期規(guī)劃。中華人民共和國成立以來特別是改革開放以來，中國核能利用從起步發(fā)展、適度發(fā)展到積極發(fā)展、安全高效發(fā)展，始終堅持安全第一，實現(xiàn)發(fā)展和安全兩個目標(biāo)相互促進(jìn)、有機(jī)融合。
Formulating a national nuclear safety strategy. China treats the development and utilization of nuclear energy as an important strategy to boost economic and social development and build a beautiful China, including it in the country’s medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and particularly since reform and opening up, China has committed itself to prioritizing nuclear safety and maintaining a balance between safety and development throughout the stages of initial, early, active, and safe and efficient development.
制定發(fā)布核安全中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃。在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃的總體框架下，中國每五年制定實施核安全中長期規(guī)劃，先后發(fā)布了《核安全與放射性污染防治“十二五”規(guī)劃及2020年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)》《核安全與放射性污染防治“十三五”規(guī)劃及2025年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)》，分析了核安全現(xiàn)狀與形勢，闡明了核安全指導(dǎo)思想和基本原則，明確了核安全目標(biāo)指標(biāo)、重點任務(wù)、重點工程、保障措施，統(tǒng)籌核安全各項工作，有效提升核安全水平和監(jiān)管能力。
Making medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety. China makes medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety every five years under the framework of the Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. It has released the 12th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2020, and the 13th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2025, analyzing the situation, clarifying guidelines and principles, and defining goal indicators, key tasks and projects, and supportive measures for nuclear safety. These plans have helped to coordinate all efforts to ensure nuclear safety and effectively improved our nuclear safety and regulatory capacity.
建立系統(tǒng)完備的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。中國持續(xù)強化核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)，形成了法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章相銜接，法規(guī)要求和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相補充，中央和地方相結(jié)合的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，實現(xiàn)了核能開發(fā)利用安全監(jiān)管全覆蓋，為依法治核夯實了基礎(chǔ)。2003年6月，《中華人民共和國放射性污染防治法》頒布；2017年9月，《中華人民共和國核安全法》頒布。截至2019年6月，頒布《民用核設(shè)施安全監(jiān)督管理條例》《民用核安全設(shè)備監(jiān)督管理條例》《核材料管制條例》《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理條例》等行政法規(guī)9部，發(fā)布部門規(guī)章30余項和安全導(dǎo)則100余項，制定核安全相關(guān)國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1000余項，31個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定地方性法規(guī)文件200余個。及時總結(jié)國內(nèi)外核安全實踐經(jīng)驗，密切跟蹤國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)和核電發(fā)達(dá)國家最新安全要求，不斷更新法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，始終保持國際先進(jìn)水平。
Establishing a sound system of laws and industrial standards. China continues to strengthen the formulation of the laws on nuclear safety, under which administrative regulations and departmental rules dovetail with the law, the provisions of laws and regulations and technical standards complement each other, and central and local regulations combine to the best effect. This makes the full regulation of nuclear energy development and utilization possible, laying the foundations for the rule of law in this sector. In June 2003, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution was promulgated; in September 2017, the Nuclear Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China was issued. By June 2019, China had enacted nine administrative regulations such as the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Facilities, the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, the Regulations on Nuclear Material Control, and the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. It had issued over 30 sets of departmental rules and 100 sets of safety guidelines, and formulated over 1,000 national and industry standards related to nuclear safety. Over 200 local regulations have been formulated by China’s 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units. To update legal standards and keep abreast with the most advanced international developments, we have reviewed and summarized domestic and overseas experience in nuclear safety, and closely tracked the latest safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency and countries with advanced nuclear technologies.
三、實施科學(xué)有效安全監(jiān)管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety
中國把保障核安全作為重要的國家責(zé)任，成立專門機(jī)構(gòu)實施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管，建立獨立、公開、法治、理性、有效的監(jiān)管體系，加強技術(shù)保障和人才隊伍建設(shè)，不斷推進(jìn)核安全監(jiān)管體系和監(jiān)管能力現(xiàn)代化，保障了核安全監(jiān)管的獨立性、權(quán)威性和有效性。
China treats nuclear safety as an important obligation of the state, and exercises unified regulation through special organizations and a regulatory system underpinned by independence, openness, the rule of law, rationality, and effectiveness. To ensure independent regulation of nuclear safety and enhance its authority and effectiveness, China has strengthened technical support and developed a professional team while modernizing the system and the regulatory capacity.
建立健全“三位一體”監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)。實行核安全、輻射安全和輻射環(huán)境管理的統(tǒng)一獨立監(jiān)管，建立了總部機(jī)關(guān)、地區(qū)監(jiān)督站、技術(shù)支持單位“三位一體”的核安全監(jiān)管組織體系。1984年，中國成立國家核安全局，負(fù)責(zé)民用核設(shè)施安全監(jiān)督管理，制定核安全政策、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)劃，實施核安全許可，統(tǒng)籌全國核安全監(jiān)管工作。設(shè)置華北、華東、華南、西南、西北、東北6個地區(qū)核與輻射安全監(jiān)督站，作為國家核安全局派出機(jī)構(gòu)，實施區(qū)域核安全監(jiān)督檢查。設(shè)立核與輻射安全中心、輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測技術(shù)中心等專業(yè)技術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)，為安全審查、獨立驗證、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法、輻射環(huán)境評價等提供全方位支持。各級地方政府結(jié)合實際設(shè)立監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)或配備專兼職監(jiān)管人員，開展本地區(qū)輻射安全監(jiān)管。
A three-pronged regulatory system. In China, unified regulation over the surveillance of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and the radiation environment is exercised independently, and a three-pronged regulatory system consisting of headquarters, regional offices and technical support organizations is in place. Established in 1984, the National Nuclear Safety Administration is responsible for the regulation of civil nuclear facilities, the formulation of nuclear safety policies, laws, regulations, standards, and plans, the implementation of nuclear safety license management, and the coordination of nuclear safety regulation across the country. To perform nuclear and radiation safety surveillance it has six regional offices in the north, east, south, southwest, northwest, and northeast of China. Professional technical support organizations such as the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center and the Radiation Monitoring Technical Center provide technical support for nuclear safety review, independent verification, surveillance, law enforcement, and assessment of the radiation environment. Local governments at all levels regulate regional radiation safety through regulatory organizations or full-time/part-time regulators according to local conditions.
全鏈條實施審評許可。通過全鏈條安全許可和嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)審評，強化對核設(shè)施、核材料、核活動和放射性物質(zhì)的安全管控。對核電廠、研究堆、核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施以及放射性廢物處理、貯存和處置等核設(shè)施的選址、建造、運行和退役活動，實施全生命周期的分階段許可管理；對持有核材料的單位，實施核材料許可管理；對放射性同位素和射線裝置生產(chǎn)、銷售和使用單位，實施分級分類輻射安全許可管理；對放射性物品運輸活動，實施運輸審批和在線監(jiān)控；對民用核安全設(shè)備設(shè)計、制造、安裝、無損檢驗單位和放射性物品運輸容器設(shè)計、制造單位，實施許可管理。建立實施以風(fēng)險為指引、以問題為導(dǎo)向的審評方法體系，持續(xù)提升獨立驗證和校核計算、概率安全分析和風(fēng)險評估能力。
Comprehensive review and license management. The government has strengthened safety control of nuclear facilities, materials and activities and radioactive materials through comprehensive safety licensing and rigorous technical review. It exercises full life-cycle and phased license management over the siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities that handle the treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste. The government implements license management over licensees that have nuclear materials, and over licensees that produce, sell and use radioisotope and radiation-emitting devices based on categories and levels of radiation. It performs approval and online monitoring over the transport of radioactive materials and implements license management over licensees that design, manufacture, install, and perform nondestructive testing of civil nuclear safety equipment, and licensees that design and manufacture containers for the transport of radioactive materials. A risk-informed and problem-oriented review system has been established, and efforts are being made to enhance the capacity of independent verification and calculations, probabilistic safety assessment, and risk assessment.
全過程開展監(jiān)督執(zhí)法。堅持依法嚴(yán)格對核設(shè)施和從事核活動的單位進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查，確保符合核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和許可要求。對核設(shè)施營運單位、核安全設(shè)備制造和核技術(shù)利用單位開展常態(tài)化監(jiān)督檢查，覆蓋設(shè)計、采購、制造、建造、運行、退役等與核安全有關(guān)的全部物項和活動，對重點核設(shè)施、核活動開展駐廠安全監(jiān)督，及時督促違規(guī)企業(yè)整改，對違法企業(yè)依法處罰。開展專項行動，嚴(yán)肅處理重大質(zhì)量問題，嚴(yán)厲打擊違規(guī)操作和弄虛作假行為。建設(shè)全國統(tǒng)一的核電廠和研究堆經(jīng)驗反饋平臺，交流經(jīng)驗、共享信息，有效保障核設(shè)施安全運行。
Whole-process surveillance and law enforcement. The government performs rigorous surveillance of nuclear facilities and units that are engaged in nuclear activities in accordance with the law, to ensure compliance with nuclear safety laws, regulations, standards, and licensing requirements. It carries out regular surveillance of units that operate nuclear facilities, manufacture nuclear safety equipment, and utilize nuclear technologies, covering all matters and activities in relation to nuclear safety such as design, purchasing, manufacturing, construction, operation, and decommissioning. The government performs on-site safety surveillance of key nuclear facilities and activities, urges enterprises in violation of relevant regulations to rectify, and punishes those that violate the law. It has initiated special programs to handle major cases caused by quality issues, taking resolute action against operations involving falsification and violation of regulations. A national platform has been set up for nuclear power plants and research reactors to share experience and information, to effectively ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
全天候監(jiān)測輻射環(huán)境。建立國家、省和市三級輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測體系，建成全國輻射環(huán)境質(zhì)量監(jiān)測、重點核設(shè)施周圍輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測和核與輻射應(yīng)急監(jiān)測“三張網(wǎng)”，實現(xiàn)輻射環(huán)境全覆蓋全天候監(jiān)控。截至2019年6月，國家級輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)共有1501個監(jiān)測點，包括167個大氣輻射環(huán)境自動監(jiān)測站、328個陸地點、362個土壤點、477個水體點、48個海水點、85個電磁輻射監(jiān)測點、34個海洋生物監(jiān)測點，并建立46套重點核設(shè)施周圍輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)和食品放射性物質(zhì)監(jiān)測點。
Round-the-clock radiation environment monitoring. China has established a three-tier radiation environment monitoring system at state, provincial and municipal level, and three networks – national radiation environment monitoring, surveillance monitoring of radiation environment in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities, and nuclear and radiation emergency monitoring – to monitor radiation environment round-the-clock in all areas. As of June 2019, the state radiation environment monitoring network had 1,501 monitoring sites: 167 automatic monitoring sites for atmospheric radiation, 328 land sites, 362 soil sites, 477 inland water sites, 48 seawater sites, 85 electromagnetic radiation sites, and 34 marine life sites. There were also 46 radiation environment surveillance monitoring systems set up in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities as well as sites set up to monitor radioactivity in food.
提升核與輻射事故應(yīng)急能力。成立國家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會，建立國家、省和核設(shè)施營運單位三級核應(yīng)急組織管理體系，組織協(xié)調(diào)核事故和輻射事故應(yīng)對。建立健全輻射事故應(yīng)急管理體系和事故響應(yīng)與處置機(jī)制，建設(shè)覆蓋全國的應(yīng)急監(jiān)測調(diào)度平臺，督導(dǎo)各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市全覆蓋開展輻射事故應(yīng)急實戰(zhàn)演練，快速響應(yīng)、妥善處置各類輻射事故。組建300人的國家核應(yīng)急救援隊和25支專業(yè)救援分隊，設(shè)立8類國家級核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心，建立3個核電企業(yè)核事故快速支援基地，建有核輻射損傷救治基地17家，定期開展核應(yīng)急聯(lián)合演習(xí)，提升核事故應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備和響應(yīng)能力。
Improved nuclear and radiation emergency response. China has set up the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee, and formed a three-tier emergency response system at state and provincial level and also at nuclear facility operating organizations, to organize emergency response to nuclear and radiation accidents. The state has established an emergency management system and a response and action mechanism for radiation accidents, and an emergency monitoring and dispatch platform that covers the whole country. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have carried out radiation response drills to enhance their capacity in rapid response and proper action to different types of radiation accidents. China has a 300-member national nuclear emergency rescue team and 25 professional rescue units, 8 types of national nuclear emergency technical support centers, 3 fast support bases for nuclear accidents at nuclear power plants, and 17 medical centers for treating nuclear radiation injuries. Regular joint nuclear emergency drills are carried out to improve preparedness and response.
不斷推進(jìn)隊伍建設(shè)。著眼于核事業(yè)發(fā)展和核安全監(jiān)管需要，把隊伍建設(shè)作為百年大計和基礎(chǔ)工程，大力培養(yǎng)政治強、本領(lǐng)高、作風(fēng)硬、敢擔(dān)當(dāng)，特別能吃苦、特別能戰(zhàn)斗、特別能奉獻(xiàn)的核安全“鐵軍”，逐步形成總部機(jī)關(guān)百人、中央本級千人、全國近萬人的核與輻射安全監(jiān)管隊伍。推進(jìn)核安全領(lǐng)軍人才隊伍建設(shè)，成立由25位中國科學(xué)院和中國工程院院士、100余位行業(yè)內(nèi)權(quán)威專家組成的國家核安全專家委員會。加強專業(yè)人才隊伍建設(shè)，推行核安全專業(yè)人才資質(zhì)管理制度，加強核設(shè)施操縱人員、核安全設(shè)備焊接人員和無損檢驗人員等特種工藝人員資質(zhì)管理，對核安全關(guān)鍵崗位實施注冊核安全工程師制度。建立健全高等院校、科研機(jī)構(gòu)與企業(yè)互聯(lián)互通的人才教育培訓(xùn)機(jī)制，積極拓寬人才培訓(xùn)渠道，加大核安全從業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)力度，不斷提高核安全專業(yè)人才技術(shù)能力和安全素養(yǎng)。截至2019年6月，全國開辦核工程類專業(yè)的大學(xué)共72家，其中專門設(shè)立核學(xué)院的有47家，每年招收核工程類專業(yè)本科人數(shù)約3000人。
Stronger professional teams. To meet the requirements of the development of the nuclear sector and nuclear safety regulation, China has given top priority to strengthening the professional teams, to develop an “iron army” with strong political convictions, professional capacity, impeccable conduct and a strong sense of responsibility. They will work under pressure, persevere, and dedicate themselves to the cause of nuclear safety. A nuclear and radiation safety regulation team has been formed, consisting of 100 persons at the headquarters, 1,000 persons at the central level, and nearly 10,000 persons nationwide. To cultivate leading figures in nuclear safety, the state has set up a national nuclear safety expert commission composed of 25 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and more than 100 leading experts on nuclear safety. To develop the professional teams, China has enforced qualification management of nuclear safety professionals, strengthened the qualification management of nuclear facility operators, nuclear safety equipment welders, nondestructive testers, and other special posts, and required registered nuclear safety engineers for critical posts. China has established an education and training mechanism involving institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and enterprises, to expand the channels of professional training, strengthen the cultivation of nuclear safety professionals, and enhance their technical competence and safety awareness. As of June 2019, there were 72 universities in China running programs on nuclear engineering, of which 47 had separate schools on nuclear science, enrolling some 3,000 undergraduates in nuclear engineering each year.
大力開展核安全技術(shù)研發(fā)。將核安全科研列入國家科技計劃相關(guān)項目，加快推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略性、基礎(chǔ)性、公益性核安全科技研發(fā)，建成國家核與輻射安全監(jiān)管技術(shù)研發(fā)中心，開展輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測和技術(shù)審評關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，創(chuàng)新審評監(jiān)督技術(shù)手段。鼓勵行業(yè)開發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用先進(jìn)、可靠的核安全技術(shù)，先進(jìn)反應(yīng)堆及系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范工程建設(shè)取得重要成就，自主研發(fā)的核電廠數(shù)字化儀控系統(tǒng)首次在“華龍一號”示范工程得到應(yīng)用，大型先進(jìn)壓水堆CAP1400取得重要科技成果，高溫氣冷堆、鈉冷快堆示范工程順利推進(jìn)，小型反應(yīng)堆在不同應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)研發(fā)進(jìn)展順利。持續(xù)推動核電裝備國產(chǎn)化，不斷提升核電裝備制造能力，穩(wěn)步提高百萬千瓦級核電機(jī)組關(guān)鍵設(shè)備自主化、國產(chǎn)化水平，壓力容器、蒸汽發(fā)生器、主管道、先進(jìn)核燃料、核級焊材等核安全關(guān)鍵設(shè)備和材料的自主研發(fā)和國產(chǎn)化取得重大成果，實現(xiàn)自主安全發(fā)展。
Enhancing R&D in nuclear safety technology. China has included R&D in nuclear safety into national planning for scientific and technological programs, with a focus on work of a strategic nature for basic application and public good. China has established a National Research and Development Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Regulation, conducted research on key technologies of radiation environment monitoring and technical review, and employed new technology in review and surveillance. The state encourages the nuclear industry to develop and apply advanced and reliable nuclear safety technology. Important results have been achieved in the technological research and demonstration projects on advanced reactors and supporting systems. A proprietary distributed control system (DCS) for nuclear power plants has been applied in the Hualong-1 demonstration project. The pressurized water reactor CAP1400 has made important breakthroughs. Demonstration projects in high temperature gas-cooled and sodium-cooled fast reactors are making headway, and R&D in small reactors for different applications are progressing smoothly. China is using more nuclear power equipment manufactured domestically, and working hard to increase its manufacturing capacity in nuclear power equipment. It has made steady progress to independently produce key equipment of GW-class nuclear power units, achieving key successes in the independent R&D and manufacturing of pressure vessels, steam generators, main pipelines, advanced nuclear fuels, nuclear-grade welding materials, and other key nuclear safety equipment and materials.
全面實施核安全改進(jìn)行動。日本福島核事故發(fā)生后，中國政府組織專門力量對全國運行核電廠、在建核電廠、研究堆和其他重要核設(shè)施開展了歷時9個多月的綜合安全檢查，結(jié)果表明，中國核設(shè)施在選址時充分考慮了地震、洪水、海嘯等影響，由極端自然事件引發(fā)核事故的可能性極小。為進(jìn)一步提升核設(shè)施安全水平，汲取日本福島核事故教訓(xùn)，中國政府制定并實施了核設(shè)施短期、中期、長期安全改進(jìn)計劃，增強了核設(shè)施抵御外部事件、預(yù)防和緩解嚴(yán)重事故的能力。
Full implementation of nuclear safety improvements. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the Chinese government organized a nine-month safety inspection of the country’s operating nuclear power plants, those under construction, research reactors, and other key nuclear facilities. The result showed a minimal possibility of nuclear accidents, as the sites of China’s nuclear facilities had been selected with full consideration of extreme natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, and tsunami. Learning from Japan’s lesson, the Chinese government has further enhanced its nuclear facility safety by implementing improvement plans for the short, medium, and long terms and by increasing nuclear facilities’ capacity to resist external events and prevent and mitigate serious accidents.
四、保持高水平安全
IV. Maintaining High-Level Safety
中國長期保持良好的核安全記錄，核電安全運營指標(biāo)居世界前列，核技術(shù)利用安全水平不斷提升，核材料管控有力，公眾健康和環(huán)境安全得到充分保障。2000年、2004年、2010年和2016年，國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對中國開展了4次核與輻射安全監(jiān)管綜合評估，充分肯定中國核安全監(jiān)管的良好實踐和經(jīng)驗做法。
China has maintained a good nuclear safety record for a long time – it ranks among the highest of all countries in terms of nuclear power safety operation indicators. Its safety level in the use of nuclear technology continues to improve, its nuclear material control is strong, and public health and environmental safety are fully guaranteed. In 2000, 2004, 2010 and 2016, the International Atomic Energy Agency conducted four comprehensive reviews of China’s nuclear and radiation safety regulation, giving full recognition to China’s good practices and experiences.
核電發(fā)展安全高效。中國堅持采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展核電，按照多重屏障、縱深防御的理念，嚴(yán)格管理核設(shè)施選址、設(shè)計、建造、運行、退役等全生命周期活動，確保穩(wěn)妥可靠、萬無一失。1985年，中國大陸開工建設(shè)第一座核電廠——秦山核電廠以來，核電廠建設(shè)采用安全可靠的反應(yīng)堆技術(shù)，并汲取國外重大核事故的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行安全改進(jìn)，機(jī)組安全性能更有保障。經(jīng)過30多年發(fā)展，中國核電實現(xiàn)了自主設(shè)計、建造和運營，進(jìn)入安全高效發(fā)展的新階段。在全球率先建設(shè)運行百萬千瓦級非能動先進(jìn)壓水堆（AP1000）和歐洲先進(jìn)壓水堆（EPR）機(jī)組。自主研發(fā)“華龍一號”核電機(jī)組，設(shè)計安全水平居世界前列，示范工程建設(shè)高質(zhì)量推進(jìn)，成為核電走出去的“中國名片”。截至2019年6月，中國運行核電機(jī)組47臺，居世界第三；在建核電機(jī)組11臺，居世界第一。核電機(jī)組性能指標(biāo)總體處于良好水平，截至2019年6月，已安全穩(wěn)定運行累計300余堆年，未發(fā)生過國際核與放射事件分級表（INES）2級及以上的事件或事故，且0級偏差和1級異常事件發(fā)生率呈下降趨勢。在近年世界核電運營者協(xié)會（WANO）同類機(jī)組綜合排名中，80%以上指標(biāo)優(yōu)于世界中值水平，70%以上指標(biāo)達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)值。2018年，12臺運行機(jī)組WANO綜合指數(shù)滿分，世界領(lǐng)先。
Safe and efficient nuclear power development. In accordance with the concept of multiple protective barriers and defense-in-depth, and with the aim of ensuring that they are completely safe and reliable, China uses the most advanced technology and the most stringent standards for the development of nuclear power, and strictly manages the entire life cycle of nuclear facilities from siting, design, construction, and operation to decommissioning. Since 1985, when the first nuclear power plant on the Chinese mainland, the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, began construction, China has adopted safe and reliable reactor technology, and learned from the experiences and lessons of major nuclear accidents abroad to make safety improvements. The safety performance of the units is better guaranteed. After more than 30 years, China has achieved independent design, construction and operational capability in nuclear power, and entered a new stage of safe and efficient development. China took the lead in the construction and operation of the GW-class pressurized water reactor, AP1000, using advanced passive safety systems, and the European advanced pressurized water reactor, EPR. The Hualong-1 nuclear reactor, a product of independent research and development, ranks among the highest in the world in terms of safety design. Construction of the demonstration project is being carried out in accordance with the highest quality standards, making the Hualong-1 a highlight of China’s “going global” strategy. By June 2019, China had 47 nuclear power units in operation, ranking third in the world, and 11 nuclear power units under construction, ranking first in the world. The performance indicators of nuclear power units are generally good. By June 2019, the industry had operated safely and stably for more than 300 reactor-years, and there had been no incidents or accidents at or above Level 2 under the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). The incidence of Level 0 deviations and Level 1 anomalies had also decreased. In the comprehensive ranking of similar units of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) in recent years, operating units in China have performed above the world median for more than 80 percent of the indicators, and have reached the world advanced level for more than 70 percent of the indicators. In 2018, China led the world with 12 operating units achieving full marks in WANO composite index.
重要核設(shè)施安全運行。堅持立足自身，積極借鑒國際先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗，研發(fā)設(shè)計高溫氣冷堆、快中子增殖堆、小型核動力堆、熔鹽堆、嬗變裝置等研究性反應(yīng)堆，19座在役民用研究堆和臨界裝置保持安全穩(wěn)定運行。實行核燃料閉式循環(huán)戰(zhàn)略，逐步建立起包括鈾礦冶、鈾轉(zhuǎn)化、鈾濃縮、核燃料元件加工、乏燃料后處理和放射性廢物處理處置等完整的核燃料循環(huán)體系，全國18座民用核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施、2座低中水平放射性固體廢物處置場保持良好安全記錄。
Safe operation of other key nuclear facilities. Based on its own strength and drawing on advanced international experience, China has designed and developed research reactors such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, fast reactors, small nuclear power reactors, molten salt reactors, and transmutation devices. Nineteen operating civil research reactors and critical assemblies maintain safe and stable operation. We have implemented the strategy of a closed nuclear fuel cycle and gradually established a complete nuclear fuel cycle system, including uranium mining and metallurgy, uranium conversion, uranium enrichment, processing of nuclear fuel elements, spent fuel reprocessing, and treatment and disposal of radioactive waste. Eighteen civil nuclear fuel cycle facilities and two low- and intermediate-level radioactive solid waste disposal sites have a good safety record.
放射性廢物分類安全處置。推行放射性廢物分類處置，低中水平放射性廢物在符合核安全要求的場所實行近地表或中等深度處置，高水平放射性廢物實行集中深地質(zhì)處置。核設(shè)施營運單位、放射性廢物處理處置單位依法對放射性廢物進(jìn)行減量化、無害化處理處置，確保永久安全。各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市全部建成城市放射性廢物庫，集中貯存并妥善處置核技術(shù)利用放射性廢物。推進(jìn)乏燃料安全貯存處理，加快放射性廢物處理處置能力建設(shè)，持續(xù)實施已關(guān)停鈾礦冶設(shè)施的退役治理和環(huán)境恢復(fù)，規(guī)范鈾礦冶廢石、廢水、尾礦（渣）的環(huán)境管理，確保輻射環(huán)境安全。
Classification and safe disposal of radioactive waste. China implements radioactive waste classification: near-surface or medium-depth disposal of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste in locations that meet the requirements of nuclear safety, and deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste in centralized locations. To ensure permanent safety, nuclear facility operating organizations and radioactive waste disposal organizations carry out minimization and decontamination of radioactive waste in accordance with the law. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have built urban radioactive waste repositories for centralized storage and proper disposal of radioactive waste produced by nuclear technology. We will continue to promote the safe storage and treatment of spent fuel, enhance our capacity in the treatment and disposal of radioactive waste, carry out the decommissioning and environmental restoration of uranium mining and metallurgical facilities, and standardize the environmental management of waste rock, waste water, tailings and slag in uranium mining and metallurgy, so as to ensure that radiation is maintained at safe levels.
核技術(shù)利用安全水平大幅提升。對放射源實行從“搖籃”到“墳?zāi)埂钡娜^程動態(tài)管理，將所有涉源單位納入政府監(jiān)管范圍，建立國家核技術(shù)利用管理數(shù)據(jù)庫，實施放射源安全提升行動，實現(xiàn)高風(fēng)險移動源在線實時監(jiān)控，提高核技術(shù)利用安全水平。截至2019年6月，中國在用放射源142607枚，各類射線裝置181293臺（套），從事生產(chǎn)、銷售、使用放射性同位素和射線裝置的單位共73070家，放射源和射線裝置100%納入許可管理，廢舊放射源100%安全收貯。放射源輻射事故年發(fā)生率持續(xù)降低，由20世紀(jì)90年代的每萬枚6.2起降至目前的每萬枚1.0起以下，達(dá)到歷史最低水平。
Markedly improved safety in the use of nuclear technology. China implements dynamic management of radioactive sources from cradle to grave, and brings all source-related units into the scope of government regulation. We have established a national database for the management of nuclear technology utilization, taken measures to enhance the safety of radioactive sources, realized the real-time online monitoring of high-risk mobile sources, and improved the safety level of nuclear technology utilization. As of June 2019, 142,607 radioactive sources and 181,293 radiation-emitting devices were in use in China, and a total of 73,070 units were engaged in the production, sale and use of radioisotopes and radiation-emitting devices. One hundred percent of radioactive sources and radiation-emitting devices are subject to licensing management, and 100 percent of waste radioactive sources are safely stored. The annual incidence of radiation accidents from radioactive sources has continued to decline, from 6.2 per 10,000 sources in the 1990s to less than 1.0 per 10,000 sources at present, the lowest level in history.
核安保水平持續(xù)提升。把核安保作為保障核安全的重要屏障，按照最嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對核材料實施管制。核電廠、核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施和放射源安保系統(tǒng)符合國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)章制度健全完備，防擴(kuò)散、反核恐怖機(jī)制日益完善。按照國際最新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開展新建核設(shè)施的核安保系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，投入數(shù)十億元專項資金改造升級原有核設(shè)施安保系統(tǒng)，安全防范能力大幅加強。迄今為止，未發(fā)生核材料被盜、丟失或非法使用事件，做到了核材料“一克不丟、一件不少”。
Upgraded nuclear security. China regards nuclear security as an important protective screen for nuclear safety and controls nuclear materials in accordance with the strictest standards. Nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and radioactive source security systems are in line with international standards. The rules and regulations are sound and complete, and the mechanisms for non-proliferation and nuclear terrorism prevention are improving. We are building a nuclear security system for new nuclear facilities in accordance with the latest international standards, and have invested billions of yuan in special funds to upgrade the security system of the original nuclear facilities, thus greatly strengthening our prevention capabilities. To date, there have been no incidents of theft, loss or illegal use of nuclear materials.
輻射環(huán)境質(zhì)量保持良好。中國輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)顯示，全國范圍內(nèi)輻射環(huán)境質(zhì)量良好，處于天然環(huán)境輻射水平范圍內(nèi)，人工放射性核素活度濃度未見異常。位于核設(shè)施、核技術(shù)利用項目周邊的監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)顯示，全國核設(shè)施、核技術(shù)利用項目周圍環(huán)境輻射水平與建設(shè)前相比沒有明顯變化，公眾個人劑量遠(yuǎn)低于國家限值，公眾健康和環(huán)境安全得到充分保障。
Good radiation environment quality. The radiation environment monitoring data in China show that the radiation environment quality across the country is within the range of natural environmental radiation, and the activity concentration levels of artificial radionuclides are normal. Surveillance monitoring data show that radiation in the environment around national nuclear facilities and nuclear technology utilization projects has not changed significantly compared with the level prior to construction, and the individual public dose is far lower than the national limit. Public health and environmental safety are fully guaranteed.
五、營造共建共享的核安全氛圍
V. Co-building and Sharing Nuclear Safety
有效保障核安全，人的因素最為重要。中國堅持不懈加強核安全文化建設(shè)，建立中央督導(dǎo)、地方主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)作為、公眾參與的核安全公眾溝通機(jī)制，規(guī)范和引導(dǎo)從業(yè)人員的思想行為，發(fā)動社會公眾廣泛參與，營造人人有責(zé)、人人參與，全行業(yè)全社會共同維護(hù)核安全的良好氛圍。
Human factors are the most important in effectively ensuring nuclear safety. China is committed to strengthening nuclear safety culture. It has established a public communication mechanism for nuclear safety that combines supervision by the central government, guidance by local governments, implementation by enterprises, and participation of the public. It regulates and guides the professional attitude and conduct, and encourages extensive public participation. It has created a positive atmosphere in which everyone shoulders responsibility, everyone participates, and the whole industry and society work together to safeguard nuclear safety.
政府引領(lǐng)推動。政府部門有效發(fā)揮政策引導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督作用，大力倡導(dǎo)“核安全事業(yè)高于一切，核安全責(zé)任重于泰山，嚴(yán)慎細(xì)實規(guī)范監(jiān)管，團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作不斷進(jìn)取”的核安全精神。積極培育和發(fā)展核安全文化，通過思想教育、制度規(guī)范、環(huán)境熏陶等方式，將法治意識、憂患意識、自律意識、協(xié)作意識的核心價值觀，貫穿到從業(yè)人員的思想和行動中，充分調(diào)動和激發(fā)人的積極因素。發(fā)布《核安全文化政策聲明》，開展核安全文化宣傳貫徹推進(jìn)專項行動，建立核安全文化評估機(jī)制，讓核安全文化內(nèi)化于心、外化于行，轉(zhuǎn)化為從業(yè)人員的自覺行動。依法加強政務(wù)公開，建立新聞發(fā)言人制度和媒體定期座談交流制度，開展核安全重大政策信息解讀，及時發(fā)布許可審批、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法、總體安全狀況、輻射環(huán)境質(zhì)量、事故事件等權(quán)威信息，增強政府工作透明度，保障公眾知情權(quán)、參與權(quán)、監(jiān)督權(quán)。
Government guidance. Government departments give full play to the role of policy guidance and supervision, and promote an awareness of the paramount importance of nuclear safety, a sense of weighty responsibility, a rigorous and meticulous approach to regulation, and a spirit of collaboration for further progress. We should actively cultivate and develop a culture of nuclear safety, and through education, regulations, and positive influences, instill the core values of awareness of the rule of law, vigilance, self-discipline, and cooperation into the thoughts and actions of professionals, so as to fully mobilize and stimulate the positive role of human factors. We have issued the Policy Statement on Nuclear Safety Culture, carried out special actions to promote this culture, and established an assessment mechanism so that nuclear safety culture can be internalized in the mind, externalized into practice, and further transformed into conscious action by professionals. We have increased transparency in the operations of the government in accordance with the law, established a press spokesperson system and a mechanism of regular communication with the media, providing explanations on major nuclear safety policies, and promptly releasing information on licensing examination and approval, surveillance and law enforcement, the overall safety situation, radiation environment quality, and incidents and accidents, with the aim of enhancing the transparency of government work and protecting the public’s right to know, to participate and to supervise.
行業(yè)積極作為。涉核企事業(yè)單位、研究機(jī)構(gòu)、行業(yè)協(xié)會等高度重視、積極培育核安全文化，設(shè)置專門機(jī)構(gòu)或配置專職人員，積極探索創(chuàng)新核安全文化建設(shè)的方式方法，加強質(zhì)量管理、學(xué)習(xí)培訓(xùn)、經(jīng)驗反饋、評估改進(jìn)，將核安全文化有效融入生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營、科研、管理等各環(huán)節(jié)，形成了“凡事有章可循、凡事有人負(fù)責(zé)、凡事有人驗證、凡事有據(jù)可查”“以核為先、以合為貴、以和為本”等優(yōu)秀核安全文化理念。依法公開核安全管理規(guī)章制度、核設(shè)施安全狀況、流出物和周圍環(huán)境輻射監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)、年度核安全報告等重要信息，積極回應(yīng)公眾對核能、核安全的關(guān)切。
Positive action by the industry. Nuclear-related enterprises, public institutions, research institutes, and trade associations have attached great importance to and actively cultivated nuclear safety culture, setting up special institutions, allocating full-time personnel, and exploring innovative new ideas. We have strengthened quality management, education and training, feedback on experience, evaluation, and improvement, and effectively integrated nuclear safety culture into production, operation, scientific research, and management. Some excellent safety concepts have been generated, such as “rules must be in place; lines of accountability be clear; verification be performed, and documentation be available to refer to”, and “put nuclear issues first, cherish cooperation, and take peace and harmony as the foundation”. We publicize important information in accordance with the law, including nuclear safety management rules and regulations, the safety status of nuclear facilities, radiation monitoring data on effluents and the environment around nuclear facilities, and annual nuclear safety reports, and actively respond to public concerns about nuclear energy and nuclear safety.
社會廣泛參與。組織開展“全民國家安全教育日”“公眾開放日（周）”“核安全文化進(jìn)校園、進(jìn)社區(qū)”“科普中國、綠色核能”等各類核科普活動，通過研討交流、實地體驗、媒體宣傳等形式，增進(jìn)全社會對核安全的了解和認(rèn)識。堅持平等、廣泛、便利原則，建立公眾廣泛參與機(jī)制，通過問卷調(diào)查、聽證會、論證會、座談會等形式，就事關(guān)公眾利益的重大核安全事項充分征求意見。在全社會廣泛開展核安全宣傳教育，搭建科普網(wǎng)絡(luò)及新媒體平臺，建設(shè)國家級核科普教育基地，積極開發(fā)公眾宣傳設(shè)施和工業(yè)旅游項目，納入領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部培訓(xùn)和青少年教育體系，引導(dǎo)公眾了解核安全、參與核安全、維護(hù)核安全。
Extensive public participation. We organize and carry out various activities to popularize nuclear science, such as “National Security Education Day”, “Public Open Day (Week)”, “Nuclear Safety Culture on Campus and in the Community”, and “Popularizing Science in China, Green Nuclear Energy”. Through discussions, field experiences, media publicity and other channels, understanding of nuclear safety is enhanced throughout society. Based on the principles of equality, extensiveness and convenience, we have established a mechanism for broad public participation, and fully solicit opinions on major nuclear safety issues concerning the public interest in the form of questionnaires, hearings, seminars, and feasibility study meetings. We have provided extensive publicity and education on nuclear safety for the whole of society, set up science popularization networks and new media platforms, built national education bases to popularize nuclear science, and developed public publicity facilities and industrial tourism projects. We have included nuclear safety education into the training of officials and the education system for young people, and guided the public to understand, contribute to, and maintain nuclear safety.
六、打造核安全命運共同體
VI. Building a Community of Shared Future for Nuclear Safety
和平開發(fā)利用核能是世界各國的共同愿望，確保核安全是世界各國的共同責(zé)任。中國倡導(dǎo)構(gòu)建公平、合作、共贏的國際核安全體系，堅持公平原則，本著務(wù)實精神推動國際社會攜手共進(jìn)、精誠合作，共同推進(jìn)全球核安全治理，打造核安全命運共同體，推動構(gòu)建人類命運共同體。
The peaceful development and utilization of nuclear energy is the common aspiration of all countries, and ensuring nuclear safety is their shared responsibility. China advocates the development of an international nuclear safety system characterized by fairness, cooperation, and mutual benefit. It facilitates the global effort on nuclear safety governance through fair and pragmatic cooperation, works together with the rest of the world to build a community of shared future for global nuclear safety, and promotes the building of a community of shared future for humanity.
忠實履行國際義務(wù)和政治承諾。中國批準(zhǔn)了核安全領(lǐng)域所有國際法律文書，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國安理會決議，支持和參與核安全國際倡議。先后加入《及早通報核事故公約》《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》《核材料實物保護(hù)公約》《核安全公約》《制止核恐怖主義行為國際公約》《乏燃料管理安全和放射性廢物管理安全聯(lián)合公約》等國際公約，認(rèn)真開展履約活動。中國積極參與《維也納核安全宣言》的制定和落實，中國代表分別擔(dān)任2011年《核安全公約》締約方第五次審議會議和2012年第二次特別會議主席，為推動全球核安全治理貢獻(xiàn)中國力量。
Faithfully fulfilling international obligations and political commitments. China has ratified all international legal instruments in the field of nuclear safety. It has strictly implemented UN Security Council resolutions and supported and participated in international initiatives on nuclear safety. It faithfully fulfills its duties as a signatory of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, and the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. China has actively participated in the formulation and implementation of the Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety, and Chinese representatives chaired the Fifth Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties (2011) and the Second Extraordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties (2012) to the Convention on Nuclear Safety, contributing to global governance on nuclear safety.
支持加強核安全的多邊努力。中國支持國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)（IAEA）在核安全國際合作中發(fā)揮核心作用，從政治、技術(shù)、資金等方面，為機(jī)構(gòu)提供全方位支持。中國持續(xù)向機(jī)構(gòu)核安全基金捐款，用于支持亞洲地區(qū)國家核安全能力建設(shè)。加強核不擴(kuò)散國際合作，加入桑戈委員會、核供應(yīng)國集團(tuán)等多邊機(jī)制和國際組織；頒布實施《核出口管制條例》《核兩用品及相關(guān)技術(shù)出口管制條例》，發(fā)布《核出口管制清單》《核兩用品及相關(guān)技術(shù)出口管制清單》。深化打擊核恐怖主義國際合作，與國際刑警、核安全問題聯(lián)絡(luò)小組、打擊核恐怖主義全球倡議等國際組織與多邊機(jī)制密切合作。
Upholding multilateral efforts to strengthen nuclear safety. China upholds the central role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in international cooperation on nuclear safety, and has provided all-round support to the IAEA, including political, technical and financial support. China makes continuous contributions to the IAEA Nuclear Security Fund, with a view to enhancing the nuclear security capacity of countries in Asia. To strengthen international non-proliferation cooperation, China has joined the Zangger Committee, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, and other multilateral mechanisms and international organizations. It has enacted the Regulations on Nuclear Export Control and the Regulations on the Export Control of Dual-Use Nuclear Items and Technologies, and released the Nuclear Export Control List and the Export Control List of Dual-Use Nuclear Items and Technologies. China has expanded international cooperation in the fight against nuclear terrorism, and works closely with such international organizations and multilateral mechanisms as the International Criminal Police Organization, the Nuclear Security Contact Group, and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.
加強核安全國際交流合作。中國重視國家間的核安全政策交流與務(wù)實合作，與法國、美國、俄羅斯、日本、韓國等國家及“一帶一路”核電新興國家密切溝通，簽訂50余份核安全合作協(xié)議，加強高層互訪、專家交流、審評咨詢、聯(lián)合研究等全方位合作；建立中美核安全年度對話機(jī)制，與美國合作建成核安全示范中心和中國海關(guān)防輻射探測培訓(xùn)中心；與俄羅斯舉行中俄海關(guān)防范核材料及其他放射性物質(zhì)非法販運聯(lián)合演習(xí)；建立中日韓核安全監(jiān)管高官會機(jī)制，共享監(jiān)管經(jīng)驗。加強與經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織核能署、歐盟、世界核電運營者協(xié)會等國際組織交流合作，積極參加核安全國際同行評估，對標(biāo)國際，共同提高，持續(xù)參加全球核安全與安保網(wǎng)絡(luò)、亞洲核安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架下的各項活動，拓展國際合作平臺，提升中國核安全能力。中國為世界貢獻(xiàn)智慧和力量，推廣中國核安全監(jiān)管體系，分享先進(jìn)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗，共享資源和平臺；參與核電廠多國設(shè)計評價機(jī)制，推動建立“華龍一號”專項工作組；依托國家核與輻射安全監(jiān)管技術(shù)研發(fā)中心，持續(xù)幫助發(fā)展中國家開展核安全人員培訓(xùn)、技術(shù)演練等活動，支持其提高監(jiān)管能力，為提高全球核安全水平提供更多公共產(chǎn)品。
Strengthening international exchanges and cooperation on nuclear safety. China attaches great importance to nuclear safety policy exchanges and cooperation between countries. It maintains close contacts with France, the United States, Russia, Japan, the Republic of Korea and other countries, as well as emerging nuclear energy countries along the Belt and Road, and has signed more than 50 cooperation agreements on nuclear safety to facilitate all-round cooperation in exchange of high-level visits, communication between experts, review, consultation, and joint research. China and the United States have established an annual dialogue mechanism on nuclear safety, a Nuclear Security Center of Excellence, and the China Customs Radiation Detection Training Center. Chinese and Russian customs have held joint exercises to prevent illicit trafficking of nuclear and other radioactive materials. China, Japan and the ROK arrange meetings between regulators to share their experiences in nuclear safety regulation. China has strengthened exchanges and cooperation with the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the European Union, WANO, and other international organizations. It is an active participant in international peer reviews of nuclear safety directed to common progress against global standards. In order to expand participation in global cooperation platforms and enhance its nuclear safety capabilities, China continues to take part in activities under the frameworks of the Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network and the Asian Nuclear Safety Network.
China contributes its wisdom and strength to the world by promoting its nuclear safety regulatory system and sharing advanced technology, experience, resources, and platforms. It has taken part in the Multinational Design Evaluation Program for nuclear power plants, and a working group on the Hualong-1 has been established. Through its National Research and Development Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Regulation, China has continued to help developing countries to train nuclear safety personnel and carry out technical drills, lending support to their efforts to enhance their regulatory capacity and providing more public goods for improving global nuclear safety.
結(jié)束語
Conclusion
中國特色社會主義事業(yè)進(jìn)入了新時代，中國核事業(yè)進(jìn)入了安全高效發(fā)展的新階段，中國核安全事業(yè)進(jìn)入了高質(zhì)量高水平發(fā)展的新時期。中國將在習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，秉持理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，履行維護(hù)核安全的使命，強化確保公眾健康和環(huán)境安全的宗旨意識，以人民為中心保障核事業(yè)安全、健康、可持續(xù)發(fā)展，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，惠及國計民生。
As Chinese socialism enters a new era, China’s nuclear industry has reached a stage of safe and efficient development, ushering in a new phase of high-quality progress to ensure nuclear safety. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China will uphold a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy and fulfill its mission of maintaining and improving nuclear safety. It will reinforce its commitment to protecting public health and maintaining a safe environment, ensure the safe, sound and sustainable development of its nuclear industry with a people-centered approach, and promote economic prosperity to benefit the country and the people.
中國將繼續(xù)規(guī)范和嚴(yán)格核設(shè)施、核材料、核活動和放射性物質(zhì)安全監(jiān)管，持續(xù)推進(jìn)核安全監(jiān)管體系和監(jiān)管能力現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，有力維護(hù)國家核安全，為全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國、實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興提供堅強保障。
China will continue to enforce rigorous safety regulation over nuclear facilities, materials, and activities and radioactive substances. It will continue to modernize its nuclear safety regulatory system and capacity to effectively safeguard the country’s nuclear safety and provide a strong guarantee for building a modern socialist country in all respects and realizing national rejuvenation.
中國將繼續(xù)推進(jìn)核安全國際合作，擔(dān)當(dāng)大國責(zé)任，履行國際義務(wù)，推動建立公平、合作、共贏的國際核安全體系，提升全球核安全水平，促進(jìn)各國共享和平利用核能事業(yè)成果，維護(hù)地區(qū)和世界和平穩(wěn)定，為共同構(gòu)建人類命運共同體，建設(shè)持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁榮、開放包容、清潔美麗的世界作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。
China will continue to promote international cooperation in nuclear safety, assume the responsibility required of a major country, and fulfill its international obligations. It will strive for the establishment of an international nuclear safety system characterized by fairness, cooperation, and mutual benefit, raise global standards of nuclear safety, and promote the sharing of global achievements in the peaceful use of nuclear energy among the international community. It will safeguard regional and world peace and stability, and make positive contribution to building a community of shared future for humanity and a clean and beautiful world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, and inclusiveness.
