白皮書丨《中國的生物多樣性保護(hù)》白皮書

2021/10/27 16:20:56來源：外文出版社

中國的生物多樣性保護(hù)

Biodiversity Conservation in China

一、秉持人與自然和諧共生理念

I. Harmony Between Humanity and Nature

二、提高生物多樣性保護(hù)成效

II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation

三、提升生物多樣性治理能力

III. Improving Biodiversity Governance

四、深化全球生物多樣性保護(hù)合作

IV. Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation

前言

Preface

“生物多樣性”是生物（動物、植物、微生物）與環(huán)境形成的生態(tài)復(fù)合體以及與此相關(guān)的各種生態(tài)過程的總和，包括生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和基因三個層次。生物多樣性關(guān)系人類福祉，是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的重要基礎(chǔ)。人類必須尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然，加大生物多樣性保護(hù)力度，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生。

Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. It is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. We must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it.

1972年，聯(lián)合國召開人類環(huán)境會議，與會各國共同簽署了《人類環(huán)境宣言》，生物資源保護(hù)被列入二十六項(xiàng)原則之中。1993年，《生物多樣性公約》正式生效，公約確立了保護(hù)生物多樣性、可持續(xù)利用其組成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遺傳資源而產(chǎn)生的惠益三大目標(biāo)，全球生物多樣性保護(hù)開啟了新紀(jì)元。

In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the attending nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.

中國幅員遼闊，陸海兼?zhèn)?，地貌和氣候?fù)雜多樣，孕育了豐富而又獨(dú)特的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和遺傳多樣性，是世界上生物多樣性最豐富的國家之一。中國的傳統(tǒng)文化積淀了豐富的生物多樣性智慧，“天人合一”“道法自然”“萬物平等”等思想和理念體現(xiàn)了樸素的生物多樣性保護(hù)意識。作為最早簽署和批準(zhǔn)《生物多樣性公約》的締約方之一，中國一貫高度重視生物多樣性保護(hù)，不斷推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)與時俱進(jìn)、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，取得顯著成效，走出了一條中國特色生物多樣性保護(hù)之路。

China’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, China has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional Chinese culture and these aphorisms: “Man is an integral part of nature”; “Dao follows the laws of nature”; and “All beings are equal”. China, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the Convention on Biological Diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively Chinese path of conservation.

中共十八大以來，在習(xí)近平生態(tài)文明思想引領(lǐng)下，中國堅(jiān)持生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)法律體系日臻完善、監(jiān)管機(jī)制不斷加強(qiáng)、基礎(chǔ)能力大幅提升，生物多樣性治理新格局基本形成，生物多樣性保護(hù)進(jìn)入新的歷史時期。當(dāng)前，全球物種滅絕速度不斷加快，生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化對人類生存和發(fā)展構(gòu)成重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2020年9月30日，習(xí)近平主席在聯(lián)合國生物多樣性峰會上指出，要站在對人類文明負(fù)責(zé)的高度，探索人與自然和諧共生之路，凝聚全球治理合力，提升全球環(huán)境治理水平。中國將秉持人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，繼續(xù)為全球環(huán)境治理貢獻(xiàn)力量。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization. A new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in China. Currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. On September 30, 2020, at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. Guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, China will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance.

為介紹中國生物多樣性保護(hù)理念和實(shí)踐，增進(jìn)國際社會對中國生物多樣性保護(hù)的了解，特發(fā)布本白皮書。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present China’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community.

中國生物多樣性保護(hù)以建設(shè)美麗中國為目標(biāo)，積極適應(yīng)新形勢新要求，不斷加強(qiáng)和創(chuàng)新生物多樣性保護(hù)舉措，持續(xù)完善生物多樣性保護(hù)體制，努力促進(jìn)人與自然、人與人、人與社會和諧共生、良性循環(huán)、全面發(fā)展、持續(xù)繁榮。

To realize the Beautiful China initiative under a new situation, China is improving the measures for biodiversity conservation and creating new frameworks for this purpose. In its pursuit of harmony between humanity and nature, between individuals, and between the individual and society, China endeavors to create a virtuous circle for all-round development and prolonged prosperity for all.

面對全球生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化，中國秉持人與自然和諧共生理念，堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，形成了政府主導(dǎo)、全民參與，多邊治理、合作共贏的機(jī)制，推動中國生物多樣性保護(hù)不斷取得新成效，為應(yīng)對全球生物多樣性挑戰(zhàn)作出新貢獻(xiàn)。

In addressing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, China upholds the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, prioritizing biodiversity conservation and seeking green development. It has established conservation mechanisms led by the government and featuring multilateral governance and win-win cooperation, in which all citizens participate. This way, China keeps making progress and contributing to efforts in global biodiversity conservation.

——堅(jiān)持尊重自然、保護(hù)優(yōu)先。牢固樹立尊重自然、順應(yīng)自然、保護(hù)自然的理念，在社會發(fā)展中優(yōu)先考慮生物多樣性保護(hù)，以生態(tài)本底和自然稟賦為基礎(chǔ)，科學(xué)配置自然和人工保護(hù)修復(fù)措施，對重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、生物物種及遺傳資源實(shí)施有效保護(hù)，保障生態(tài)安全和生物安全。

– Respecting nature and prioritizing biodiversity conservation. China follows the principles of respecting and protecting nature and obeying nature’s laws, and prioritizes biodiversity conservation in social development. Given its eco-environment and natural resources, China has balanced its natural and artificial measures for the conservation and restoration of important ecosystems, species and genetic resources, to ensure ecological security and biological security.

——堅(jiān)持綠色發(fā)展、持續(xù)利用。踐行“綠水青山就是金山銀山”理念，將生物多樣性作為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)、目標(biāo)和手段，科學(xué)、合理和可持續(xù)利用生物資源，給自然生態(tài)留下休養(yǎng)生息的時間和空間，推動生產(chǎn)和生活方式的綠色轉(zhuǎn)型和升級，從保護(hù)自然中尋找發(fā)展機(jī)遇，實(shí)現(xiàn)生物多樣性保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展雙贏。

– Seeking green development and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. China cherishes the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and sees biodiversity as the foundation, objective and means of sustainable development. It has endeavored to promote the efficient and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, to allow nature to restore itself. It promotes green ways of life and work, and seeks development opportunities while preserving nature, to achieve win-win results in both biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.

——堅(jiān)持制度先行、統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)。不斷強(qiáng)化生物多樣性保護(hù)國家戰(zhàn)略地位，長遠(yuǎn)謀劃頂層設(shè)計(jì)，分級落實(shí)主體責(zé)任，建立健全政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)行動和公眾參與的生物多樣性保護(hù)長效機(jī)制。強(qiáng)化中國生物多樣性保護(hù)國家委員會統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)作用，持續(xù)完善生物多樣性保護(hù)、可持續(xù)利用和惠益分享相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和政策制度，構(gòu)建生物多樣性保護(hù)和治理新格局。

– Enhancing institutional guarantee and coordinating actions for biodiversity conservation. China has strengthened biodiversity conservation as a national strategy through long-range planning and top-level design, specifying the primary responsibilities at all levels, and improving long-term conservation mechanisms led by the government and facilitated by enterprises with public participation. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has taken on a stronger coordinating role. Constant efforts have been made to improve laws, regulations and policies concerning biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. All the above efforts are aimed at building a new model for biodiversity conservation and governance.

——堅(jiān)持多邊主義、合作共贏。加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)，促進(jìn)人與自然和諧共生，已成為國際交流對話的重要內(nèi)容。中國堅(jiān)定支持生物多樣性多邊治理體系，切實(shí)履行《生物多樣性公約》及其他相關(guān)環(huán)境條約義務(wù)，積極承擔(dān)與發(fā)展水平相稱的國際責(zé)任，向其他發(fā)展中國家提供力所能及的援助，不斷深化生物多樣性領(lǐng)域交流合作，攜手應(yīng)對全球生物多樣性挑戰(zhàn)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然和諧共生美好愿景發(fā)揮更大作用。

– Upholding multilateralism and win-win cooperation. Living in harmony with nature through greater efforts on biodiversity conservation becomes an important topic for international exchanges and dialogue. China firmly supports a multilateral biodiversity governance system, fulfills its obligations prescribed in the Convention on Biological Diversity and other environmental treaties, and takes on international responsibilities commensurate to its development stage. China has been providing assistance within its ability to other developing countries, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation on biodiversity to jointly meet global challenges. It endeavors to play a greater role in realizing the vision of harmony between humanity and nature.

二、提高生物多樣性保護(hù)成效

II. Increasing the Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation

中國堅(jiān)持在發(fā)展中保護(hù)、在保護(hù)中發(fā)展，提出并實(shí)施國家公園體制建設(shè)和生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線劃定等重要舉措，不斷強(qiáng)化就地與遷地保護(hù)，加強(qiáng)生物安全管理，持續(xù)改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量，協(xié)同推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)與綠色發(fā)展，生物多樣性保護(hù)取得顯著成效。

China advances biodiversity conservation and development in parallel. It has proposed and implemented measures such as building the national parks system and setting ecological conservation red lines (ECRLs), strengthened in-situ and ex-situ conservation, reinforced biological security management, improved the eco-environment, and coordinated the conservation of biodiversity with green development, thereby making significant gains in protecting biodiversity.

中國不斷推進(jìn)自然保護(hù)地建設(shè)，啟動國家公園體制試點(diǎn)，構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系，率先在國際上提出和實(shí)施生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線制度，明確了生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域，保護(hù)了重要自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物資源，在維護(hù)重要物種棲息地方面發(fā)揮了積極作用。

China is setting up protected areas (PAs) and opening national parks on a trial basis, to create a PA framework with a focus on national parks. It was the first in the world to propose and implement the red line strategy for ecological conservation, and has designated priority areas in biodiversity conservation. These measures have contributed to the conservation of key natural ecosystems, biological resources, and habitats for key species.

構(gòu)建以國家公園為主體的自然保護(hù)地體系。自1956年建立第一個自然保護(hù)區(qū)以來，截至目前，中國已建立各級各類自然保護(hù)地近萬處，約占陸域國土面積的18%。近年來，中國積極推動建立以國家公園為主體、自然保護(hù)區(qū)為基礎(chǔ)、各類自然公園為補(bǔ)充的自然保護(hù)地體系，為保護(hù)棲息地、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量和維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全奠定基礎(chǔ)。2015年以來，先后啟動三江源等10處國家公園體制試點(diǎn)，整合相關(guān)自然保護(hù)地劃入國家公園范圍，實(shí)行統(tǒng)一管理、整體保護(hù)和系統(tǒng)修復(fù)。通過構(gòu)建科學(xué)合理的自然保護(hù)地體系，90%的陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型和71%的國家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動植物物種得到有效保護(hù)。野生動物棲息地空間不斷拓展，種群數(shù)量不斷增加。大熊貓野外種群數(shù)量40年間從1114只增加到1864只，朱鹮由發(fā)現(xiàn)之初的7只增長至目前野外種群和人工繁育種群總數(shù)超過5000只，亞洲象野外種群數(shù)量從上世紀(jì)80年代的180頭增加到目前的300頭左右，海南長臂猿野外種群數(shù)量從40年前的僅存兩群不足10只增長到五群35只。

Developing a PA system with a focus on national parks. Since 1956 when the first nature reserve was set up, China has established close to 10,000 PAs of all types and at all levels, accounting for about 18 percent of its total land area. In recent years, it has built a PA system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks, laying the foundation for protecting natural habitats, improving the eco-environment, and protecting ecological security in the country. Since 2015, it has launched on a trial basis 10 national parks, including one at Sanjiangyuan, the cradle of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers. The relevant PAs have been integrated into these national parks under unified management, comprehensive protection and systematic restoration.

The well-planned PA system has brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71 percent of key state-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The habitats for wild animals have been expanding and their populations are growing. The population of giant pandas in the wild has grown from 1,114 to 1,864 over the past four decades. The crested ibis population has increased from only 7 to over 5,000, with both wild species and artificial breeds counted. The Asian elephant population in the wild has grown from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present. The wild population of Hainan Gibbon has increased from no more than 10 in two groups 40 years ago to 35 in 5 groups.

劃定并嚴(yán)守生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線是中國國土空間規(guī)劃和生態(tài)環(huán)境體制機(jī)制改革的重要制度創(chuàng)新。中國創(chuàng)新生態(tài)空間保護(hù)模式，將具有生物多樣性維護(hù)等生態(tài)功能極重要區(qū)域和生態(tài)極脆弱區(qū)域劃入生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格保護(hù)。初步劃定的生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，集中分布于青藏高原、天山山脈、內(nèi)蒙古高原、大小興安嶺、秦嶺、南嶺，以及黃河流域、長江流域、海岸帶等重要生態(tài)安全屏障和區(qū)域。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線涵蓋森林、草原、荒漠、濕地、紅樹林、珊瑚礁及海草床等重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，覆蓋全國生物多樣性分布的關(guān)鍵區(qū)域，保護(hù)絕大多數(shù)珍稀瀕危物種及其棲息地。中國“劃定生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線，減緩和適應(yīng)氣候變化”行動倡議，入選聯(lián)合國“基于自然的解決方案”全球15個精品案例。生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線的劃定與生物多樣性保護(hù)具有高度的戰(zhàn)略契合性、目標(biāo)協(xié)同性和空間一致性，將有效提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能，維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全及經(jīng)濟(jì)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展所必需的最基本生態(tài)空間。

Setting and applying red lines for ecological conservation. Setting ECRLs is an important institutional innovation in China’s land use planning and eco-environmental reform. China employs this innovative model to bring essential ecological functional areas for biodiversity conservation and the most ecologically fragile regions under the ECRLs and apply stringent conservation measures to them. The areas initially defined under the initiative are mainly distributed across China’s ecological security barriers and areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tianshan Mountains, Inner Mongolian Plateau, Greater and Lesser Xing’an Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Nanling Mountains, Yellow River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, and coastal zones. At present, they cover various important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, mangrove forests, coral reefs and sea grass beds across key regions of biodiversity all over the country, bringing most rare and endangered species and their habitats under protection.

China’s proposal – Drawing a “Red Line” for Ecological Protection to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change – has been selected by the UN as one of the 15 best Nature-based Solutions around the globe. Drawing ECRLs and biodiversity protection are strategies for the same goals in the same areas. Setting red lines will effectively improve the function of ecosystems and maintain the basic ecological space necessary for national ecological security and sustainable economic and social development.

確定中國生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域。中國打破行政區(qū)域界線，連通現(xiàn)有自然保護(hù)地，充分考慮重要生物地理單元和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型的完整性，劃定35個生物多樣性保護(hù)優(yōu)先區(qū)域。其中，32個陸域優(yōu)先區(qū)域總面積276.3萬平方公里，約占陸地國土面積的28.8%，對于有效保護(hù)重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種及其棲息地具有重要意義。

Designating priority areas for biodiversity protection. China is connecting the current PAs across different administrative regions. Giving full consideration to key biogeographical components and different types of ecosystems, it has designated 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection. Among these, 32 terrestrial priority areas cover a total of 2.76 million sq km and make up about 28.8 percent of the total land area. They are valuable in effectively protecting key ecosystems, species and their habitats.

中國持續(xù)加大遷地保護(hù)力度，系統(tǒng)實(shí)施瀕危物種拯救工程，生物遺傳資源的收集保存水平顯著提高，遷地保護(hù)體系日趨完善，成為就地保護(hù)的有效補(bǔ)充，多種瀕危野生動植物得到保護(hù)和恢復(fù)。

China continues to step up ex-situ conservation, and launches systematic campaigns to save endangered species. More biological genetic resources are collected and better preserved, and the ex-situ conservation system is improving as an effective complement to in-situ conservation, helping to protect and restore many species of endangered wildlife.

逐步完善遷地保護(hù)體系。建立了植物園、野生動物救護(hù)繁育基地以及種質(zhì)資源庫、基因庫等較為完備的遷地保護(hù)體系。截至目前，建立植物園（樹木園）近200個，保存植物2.3萬余種；建立250處野生動物救護(hù)繁育基地，60多種珍稀瀕危野生動物人工繁殖成功。

Gradually improving the ex-situ conservation system. China has set up a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system including botanical gardens, wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers, germplasm resource centers, and gene banks. To date, China has built a total of about 200 botanical gardens and arboretums exhibiting 23,000 species of plants, and 250 wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers where over 60 types of rare and endangered wild animal are successfully bred.

加快重要生物遺傳資源收集保存和利用。中國高度重視生物資源保護(hù)，近年來在生物資源調(diào)查、收集、保存等方面取得較大進(jìn)展。實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略生物資源計(jì)劃專項(xiàng)，完善生物資源收集收藏平臺，建立種質(zhì)資源創(chuàng)新平臺、遺傳資源衍生庫和天然化合物轉(zhuǎn)化平臺，持續(xù)加強(qiáng)野生生物資源保護(hù)和利用。實(shí)施一批種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)和育種創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目，截至2020年底，形成了以國家作物種質(zhì)長期庫及其復(fù)份庫為核心、10座中期庫與43個種質(zhì)圃為支撐的國家作物種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)體系，建立了199個國家級畜禽遺傳資源保種場（區(qū)、庫），為90%以上的國家級畜禽遺傳資源保護(hù)名錄品種建立了國家級保種單位，長期保存作物種質(zhì)資源52萬余份、畜禽遺傳資源96萬份。建設(shè)99個國家級林木種質(zhì)資源保存庫，以及新疆、山東2個國家級林草種質(zhì)資源設(shè)施保存庫國家分庫，保存林木種質(zhì)資源4.7萬份。建設(shè)31個藥用植物種質(zhì)資源保存圃和2個種質(zhì)資源庫，保存種子種苗1.2萬多份。

Accelerating the collection, preservation and use of key genetic resources. China attaches great importance to protecting biological resources, and has made considerable progress in the research on biological resources and their collection and preservation in recent years. To steadily increase protection and use of wildlife resources, China has rolled out special plans for strategic biological resources, which have helped to improve bio-resource collection and preservation platforms, and create platforms for germplasm resource innovation and natural compound transformation as well as libraries for derivatives of genetic resources. It has launched a batch of projects for germplasm resource protection and breeding. By the end of 2020, China had put in place a national crop genetics protection system with the national long-term germplasm banks and their duplicates as the core, supported by 10 medium-term banks and 43 germplasm fields. It had built 199 state-level livestock and poultry germplasm resource preservation fields (areas, storehouses), preparing state-level sites for the conservation of germplasms of over 90 percent of breeds under the National Catalogue of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources. There are over 520,000 copies of crop germplasm resources and 960,000 copies of livestock and poultry genetic resources in long-term storage. China has established 99 state-level germplasm resource banks for trees, and two state-level germplasm resource sub-centers for trees and grass in Xinjiang and Shandong, preserving 47,000 copies of germplasm resources for trees. It has also built 31 germplasm preservation fields and two germplasm resource centers for medicinal plants, preserving over 12,000 copies of seeds and seedlings.

系統(tǒng)實(shí)施瀕危物種拯救工程。中國實(shí)施瀕危物種拯救工程，對部分珍稀瀕危野生動物進(jìn)行搶救性保護(hù)，通過人工繁育擴(kuò)大種群，并最終實(shí)現(xiàn)放歸自然。人工繁育大熊貓數(shù)量呈快速優(yōu)質(zhì)增長，大熊貓受威脅程度等級從“瀕?！苯禐椤耙孜！?，實(shí)現(xiàn)野外放歸并成功融入野生種群。曾經(jīng)野外消失的麋鹿在北京南海子、江蘇大豐、湖北石首分別建立了三大保護(hù)種群，總數(shù)已突破8000只。此外，中國還針對德保蘇鐵、華蓋木、百山祖冷杉等120種極小種群野生植物開展搶救性保護(hù)，112種我國特有的珍稀瀕危野生植物實(shí)現(xiàn)野外回歸。

Launching well-planned campaigns to save endangered species. China has launched campaigns to rescue rare and endangered wildlife, expand their population through artificial breeding, and reintroduce them to natural habitats in a phased manner. The captive population of breeding pandas has grown in numbers and quality. They have been downgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the list of species at risk of extinction, and some have been released into natural habitats to integrate into the wild population. Elks, once nowhere to be found in the wild, have grown to 8,000 in number thanks to the three conservation bases in Nanhaizi of Beijing, Dafeng of Jiangsu, and Shishou of Hubei. Emergency measures have also been taken to save and protect 120 plant species with extremely small populations such as the Cycas debaoensis, Manglietiastrum sinicum and Abies beshanzuensis, and to restore to their natural habitats 112 species of rare and endangered wild plants native to China.

中國高度重視生物安全，把生物安全納入國家安全體系，頒布實(shí)施生物安全法，系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃國家生物安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防控和治理體系建設(shè)。外來物種入侵防控機(jī)制逐漸完善，生物技術(shù)健康發(fā)展，生物遺傳資源保護(hù)和監(jiān)管力度不斷增強(qiáng)，國家生物安全管理能力持續(xù)提高。

China attaches great importance to biosecurity, and has included it in the national security system. The Biosecurity Law was promulgated and came into force in 2021. There is systematic planning for biosecurity risk control and governance. Efforts have been made to improve the mechanism for preventing the invasion of alien species, promote the sound development of biotechnologies, and strengthen the protection, supervision and regulation of biogenetic resources. The aim is to constantly improve national biosecurity governance.

嚴(yán)密防控外來物種入侵。持續(xù)加強(qiáng)對外來物種入侵的防范和應(yīng)對，完善外來入侵物種防控制度，建立外來入侵物種防控部際協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，推動聯(lián)防聯(lián)控。陸續(xù)發(fā)布4批《中國自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)外來入侵物種名單》，制定《國家重點(diǎn)管理外來入侵物種名錄》，共計(jì)公布83種外來入侵物種。啟動外來入侵物種普查，開展外來入侵物種監(jiān)測預(yù)警、防控滅除和監(jiān)督管理。加強(qiáng)外來物種口岸防控，嚴(yán)防境外動植物疫情疫病和外來物種傳入，筑牢口岸檢疫防線。

Preventing the invasion of alien species. China has made greater efforts to guard against and respond to the invasion of alien species. It has improved the collective response to invasive alien species by putting in place inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. China issued the List of Invasive Alien Species in China in four groups in 2003, 2010, 2014 and 2016 respectively, and the List of Key Invasive Alien Species under State Supervision in 2012, covering a total of 83 invasive species detected in the country. China has brought invasive alien species under survey, monitoring, early warning, control and extermination. Stronger port quarantine measures have helped to prevent the entry of invasive alien species and reduce the risk of wildlife epidemics.

完善轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理。嚴(yán)格規(guī)范生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)品的安全管理，積極推動生物技術(shù)有序健康發(fā)展。先后頒布實(shí)施《農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理?xiàng)l例》《農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全評價(jià)管理辦法》《生物技術(shù)研究開發(fā)安全管理辦法》《進(jìn)出境轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》等法律法規(guī)。開展轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全檢測與評價(jià)，防范轉(zhuǎn)基因生物環(huán)境釋放可能對生物多樣性保護(hù)及可持續(xù)利用產(chǎn)生的不利影響。發(fā)布轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全評價(jià)、檢測及監(jiān)管技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)200余項(xiàng)，轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全管理體系逐漸完善。

Improving safety administration of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). China has tightened the regulation of biotechnologies and bio-products, and promoted the sound and orderly development of biotechnologies. A succession of laws and regulations have been promulgated, including Regulations on the Safety Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2001), Measures for the Safety Assessment and Administration of Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture (2002), Measures for the Safety Administration of Biotechnology Research and Development (2017), and Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Inbound and Outbound Genetically Modified Products (2004). Safety testing and assessment of GMOs has been conducted to prevent any potential negative impact on biodiversity conservation and on the sustainable utilization of bio-resources resulting from the release of GMOs into the environment. With the issuance of over 200 technical norms on the safety testing, assessment, supervision and regulation of GMOs, a national system of GMO safety administration is being completed in steps.

強(qiáng)化生物遺傳資源監(jiān)管。加強(qiáng)對生物遺傳資源保護(hù)、獲取、利用和惠益分享的管理和監(jiān)督，保障生物遺傳資源安全。開展重要生物遺傳資源調(diào)查和保護(hù)成效評估，查明生物遺傳資源本底，查清重要生物遺傳資源分布、保護(hù)及利用現(xiàn)狀。組織開展第四次全國中藥資源普查，獲得1.3萬多種中藥資源的種類和分布等信息，其中3150種為中國特有種。正在開展的第三次全國農(nóng)作物種質(zhì)資源普查與收集行動，已收集作物種質(zhì)資源9.2萬份，其中90%以上為新發(fā)現(xiàn)資源。2021年啟動的第三次全國畜禽遺傳資源普查，已完成新發(fā)現(xiàn)的8個畜禽遺傳資源初步鑒定工作。組織開展第一次全國林草種質(zhì)資源普查，已完成秦嶺地區(qū)調(diào)查試點(diǎn)工作。近10年來，中國平均每年發(fā)現(xiàn)植物新種約200種，占全球植物年增新種數(shù)的十分之一。加快推進(jìn)生物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享相關(guān)立法進(jìn)程，持續(xù)強(qiáng)化生物遺傳資源保護(hù)和監(jiān)管，防止生物遺傳資源流失和無序利用。

Strengthening the supervision of biogenetic resources. China has tightened management and oversight on the conservation, acquisition, utilization and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources. China has conducted surveys on essential biogenetic resources and conservation performance evaluations, to identify the scale, distribution, conservation and utilization of these resources.

? China organized the fourth national survey on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) resources in 2018, and pinpointed the genetic affiliation and distribution of over 13,000 varieties, including 3,150 varieties unique to China.

? China is conducting the third national survey on and collection of crop germplasm resources (2021-2023), with a total of 92,000 samples having been collected, more than 90 percent of which are newly identified varieties.

? China is conducting the third national survey on livestock and poultry genetic resources (2021-2023), and has completed the preliminary identification of 8 new species.

? China launched the first national survey on forest and grass germplasm resources in 2019, and has completed a pilot survey in the nature reserves along the Qinling Mountains.

In the past decade, China has identified about 200 new varieties of plants per annum, accounting for 10 percent of the global figure. China is accelerating legislation on accessing and sharing the benefits of biogenetic resources, strengthening their conservation, supervision and regulation, and preventing their loss or chaotic utilization.

加大生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)力度，提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量和穩(wěn)定性，對維護(hù)國家生態(tài)安全具有基礎(chǔ)性、戰(zhàn)略性作用。中國實(shí)施系列生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程，不斷加大生態(tài)修復(fù)力度，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)山水林田湖草沙冰一體化保護(hù)和系統(tǒng)治理，生態(tài)惡化趨勢基本得到遏制，自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)總體穩(wěn)定向好，服務(wù)功能逐步增強(qiáng)；堅(jiān)決打贏污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，極大緩解了生物多樣性保護(hù)壓力，生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)改善，國家生態(tài)安全屏障骨架基本構(gòu)筑。

Improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. China has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. As a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. China has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed.

實(shí)施系列生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程。以恢復(fù)退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、增強(qiáng)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性和提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量為目標(biāo)，持續(xù)開展多項(xiàng)生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程，有效改善和恢復(fù)了重點(diǎn)區(qū)域野生動植物生境。穩(wěn)步實(shí)施天然林保護(hù)修復(fù)、京津風(fēng)沙源治理工程、石漠化綜合治理、三北防護(hù)林工程等重點(diǎn)防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)、退耕還林還草、退牧還草以及河湖與濕地保護(hù)修復(fù)、紅樹林與濱海濕地保護(hù)修復(fù)等一批重大生態(tài)保護(hù)與修復(fù)工程，實(shí)施25個山水林田湖草生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程試點(diǎn)，啟動10個山水林田湖草沙一體化保護(hù)和修復(fù)工程。制定實(shí)施《全國重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)和修復(fù)重大工程總體規(guī)劃（2021－2035年）》，確定了新時代“三區(qū)四帶”生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)總體布局。中國森林面積和森林蓄積連續(xù)30年保持“雙增長”，成為全球森林資源增長最多的國家，荒漠化、沙化土地面積連續(xù)3個監(jiān)測期實(shí)現(xiàn)了“雙縮減”，草原綜合植被蓋度達(dá)到56.1%，草原生態(tài)狀況持續(xù)向好。2016－2020年期間，累計(jì)整治修復(fù)岸線1200公里，濱海濕地2.3萬公頃。2000－2017年全球新增的綠化面積中，約25%來自中國，貢獻(xiàn)比例居世界首位。

Implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. To restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, China has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions.

? China has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in Beijing and Tianjin, stony desertification control, the Three-North (i.e., Northeast China, North China and Northwest China) Shelterbelt Forest Program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.

? China has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.

? China has enacted the Master Plan on Major Projects for the Conservation and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of Three Eco-zones and Four Shelterbelts – Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Eco-zone, Yellow River Eco-zone, Yangtze River Eco-zone, Northeast Shelterbelt, North Shelterbelt, South Shelterbelt, and Coastal Shelterbelt.

Through the above actions, China has achieved the following:

? China’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and China has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world.

? China’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. Its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve.

? Between 2016 and 2020, China restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands.

? Between 2000 and 2017, China contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries.

堅(jiān)決打贏污染防治攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。良好的環(huán)境質(zhì)量是保護(hù)生物多樣性的基礎(chǔ)條件，也是生物多樣性保護(hù)的應(yīng)有之義。中國堅(jiān)決向污染宣戰(zhàn)，打響藍(lán)天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)，污染防治力度不斷加大，取得顯著成效。2020年，全國細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）平均濃度為33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，優(yōu)良天數(shù)比例比2015年上升5.8個百分點(diǎn)；全國地表水國控?cái)嗝嫠|(zhì)優(yōu)良（Ⅰ～Ⅲ類）和喪失使用功能（劣Ⅴ類）水體比例分別為83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分別提高17.4個百分點(diǎn)和降低9.1個百分點(diǎn)；全國近岸海域優(yōu)良水質(zhì)（一、二類）面積比例為77.4%，較2015年上升9個百分點(diǎn)；全國受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地塊安全利用率均超過90%。生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善優(yōu)化了物種生境，恢復(fù)了各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能，有效緩解了生物多樣性喪失壓力。

Tightening pollution control. Good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. China has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. Through an increasing effort to combat pollution, China has achieved the following:

? In 2020, China’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (PM2.5) was 33 μg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching Grades I, II and III was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below Grade V was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching Grades I and II was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015.

? In 2020, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent.

A better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss.

在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展過程中，中國注重以自然承載力為基礎(chǔ)，加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，倡導(dǎo)綠色低碳生活，協(xié)同推進(jìn)高水平生物多樣性保護(hù)和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。

China endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. Measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.

加快行業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色轉(zhuǎn)型。貫徹新發(fā)展理念，堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、綠色發(fā)展，推動經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展全面綠色轉(zhuǎn)型，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)相協(xié)調(diào)，減少對生物多樣性的壓力。加快建立健全綠色低碳循環(huán)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，提高資源利用效率和清潔生產(chǎn)水平，提升綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)比重，加快一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施綠色轉(zhuǎn)型和升級。鼓勵發(fā)展生態(tài)種植、生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖和可持續(xù)經(jīng)營，加強(qiáng)生物資源養(yǎng)護(hù)，制定可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指南，加強(qiáng)綠色食品、有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、森林生態(tài)標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品、可持續(xù)水產(chǎn)品等綠色產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證，發(fā)揮科技創(chuàng)新作用，強(qiáng)化農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、漁業(yè)、畜牧業(yè)等領(lǐng)域的生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用。實(shí)施特許獵捕證制度、采集證制度、馴養(yǎng)繁殖許可證制度等重點(diǎn)野生動植物利用管理制度，鼓勵保護(hù)和可持續(xù)利用優(yōu)良生物資源。

Accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. Upholding the new development philosophy, China pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. Efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity.

China is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure.

China encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. It has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. It has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. China is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry.

China has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources.

推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)綠色發(fā)展進(jìn)程。以生物多樣性保護(hù)為前提，積極探索生物多樣性保護(hù)與鄉(xiāng)村振興協(xié)同推進(jìn)，培育優(yōu)勢資源、發(fā)展生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)，推動城市、鄉(xiāng)村綠色高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，建設(shè)人與自然和諧相處、共生共榮的美麗家園。在鄉(xiāng)村振興過程中充分考慮生態(tài)環(huán)境因素，以促進(jìn)農(nóng)村進(jìn)步、實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)民富裕為目標(biāo)，持續(xù)加大生物資源的保護(hù)力度，助推可持續(xù)發(fā)展。持續(xù)開展國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范區(qū)、國家環(huán)境保護(hù)模范城市、國家生態(tài)園林城市、國家園林城市等建設(shè)，著力推動城市生物多樣性保護(hù)，城市生態(tài)空間格局持續(xù)優(yōu)化，城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量穩(wěn)步提升，人民群眾的生態(tài)環(huán)境獲得感、幸福感和安全感不斷增強(qiáng)。倡導(dǎo)并培育綠色消費(fèi)、綠色出行、綠色居住等綠色低碳生活方式，減少自然資源消耗。

Promoting green urban and rural development. China is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. It has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.

China takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. With an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development.

China is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. The aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment.

China has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources.

探索生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑。貫徹落實(shí)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的理念，推動生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)和保值增值，培育經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展新動能。建立健全生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制，著力構(gòu)建“綠水青山”轉(zhuǎn)化為“金山銀山”的政策制度體系。在長江流域和三江源國家公園等開展生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制試點(diǎn)，推進(jìn)“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新基地建設(shè)，探索政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)和社會各界參與、市場化運(yùn)作、可持續(xù)的生態(tài)產(chǎn)品價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑，推動將自然生態(tài)優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會高質(zhì)量發(fā)展優(yōu)勢，激發(fā)生物多樣性保護(hù)內(nèi)生動力。

Realizing the market value of green products. Practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development.

China has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “l(fā)ucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”.

China has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan National Park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. Efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. The aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity.

三、提升生物多樣性治理能力

III. Improving Biodiversity Governance

中國將生物多樣性保護(hù)上升為國家戰(zhàn)略，把生物多樣性保護(hù)納入各地區(qū)、各領(lǐng)域中長期規(guī)劃，完善政策法規(guī)體系，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)保障和人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，加大執(zhí)法監(jiān)督力度，引導(dǎo)公眾自覺參與生物多樣性保護(hù)，不斷提升生物多樣性治理能力。

Biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. There has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance.

中國不斷建立健全生物多樣性保護(hù)政策法規(guī)體系，制定相應(yīng)的中長期規(guī)劃和行動計(jì)劃，為生物多樣性保護(hù)和管理提供制度保障。

China is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management.

強(qiáng)化組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。成立由分管生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的國務(wù)院副總理任主任、23個國務(wù)院部門為成員的中國生物多樣性保護(hù)國家委員會，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)工作?！吨腥A人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十四個五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要》明確將實(shí)施生物多樣性保護(hù)重大工程、構(gòu)筑生物多樣性保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為提升生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量和穩(wěn)定性的重要工作內(nèi)容。

發(fā)布并實(shí)施《中國生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動計(jì)劃》（2011－2030年），從建立健全生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用的政策與法律體系等10個優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域，以及完善跨部門協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制等30個行動方面對加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)進(jìn)行有力指導(dǎo)。北京、江蘇、云南等22個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定了省級生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動計(jì)劃。建立生態(tài)文明建設(shè)考核目標(biāo)體系，將生物多樣性保護(hù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)納入地方考核，壓實(shí)生物多樣性保護(hù)責(zé)任。

Strengthening organization and leadership. The China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. It is composed of 23 departments under the State Council, and headed by a Vice Premier who is in charge of environmental protection. To strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network.

The China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. Beijing, Jiangsu, Yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly.

China has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation.

加強(qiáng)生物多樣性法制建設(shè)。近10年來，頒布和修訂森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、野生動物保護(hù)法、環(huán)境保護(hù)法、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法、種子法、長江保護(hù)法和生物安全法等20多部生物多樣性相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)，覆蓋野生動植物和重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)、生物安全、生物遺傳資源獲取與惠益分享等領(lǐng)域，為生物多樣性保護(hù)與可持續(xù)利用提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的法律保障。修訂調(diào)整國家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)野生動植物名錄，為拯救珍稀瀕危野生動植物，維護(hù)生物多樣性奠定基礎(chǔ)。2020年，第十三屆全國人民代表大會常務(wù)委員會第十六次會議通過了《關(guān)于全面禁止非法野生動物交易、革除濫食野生動物陋習(xí)、切實(shí)保障人民群眾生命健康安全的決定》。各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際頒布了相關(guān)法律法規(guī)，云南省制定了全國第一部生物多樣性保護(hù)的地方性法規(guī)《云南省生物多樣性保護(hù)條例》。

Strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. Over the past decade, China has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the Yangtze River, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources.

China has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. In 2020, the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted at its 16th session the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People.

Different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. Yunnan Province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country.

組織開展全國生物多樣性調(diào)查，建立完善生物多樣性監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不斷加大資金投入和科技研發(fā)力度，生物多樣性保護(hù)和治理能力全面提升。

China has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. It has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance.

開展全國生物多樣性調(diào)查與評估。大力推進(jìn)生物多樣性保護(hù)重大工程實(shí)施，結(jié)合自然資源調(diào)查、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測評估等工作，不斷完善生物多樣性調(diào)查與評估能力，首次將生物多樣性指標(biāo)納入生態(tài)質(zhì)量綜合評價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，引導(dǎo)地方加強(qiáng)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)與生物多樣性保護(hù)。開展自然資源調(diào)查，包括森林、草原、水、濕地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然資源調(diào)查評價(jià)監(jiān)測制度。構(gòu)建了涵蓋2376個縣級行政單元、樣線總長超過3.4萬公里的物種分布數(shù)據(jù)庫，建立物種資源調(diào)查及收集信息平臺，準(zhǔn)確反映野生動植物空間分布狀況。完成長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶、京津冀等國家戰(zhàn)略區(qū)域180多個縣級行政區(qū)生物多樣性調(diào)查與評估。組織開展近海漁業(yè)資源調(diào)查，初步掌握近海漁業(yè)資源狀況。陸續(xù)發(fā)布《中國植物紅皮書》《中國瀕危動物紅皮書》《中國物種紅色名錄》《中國生物多樣性紅色名錄》，基本掌握生物多樣性總體情況，為加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)奠定了科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。

Conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. To improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, China has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. It has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. A system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out.

China has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. An information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife.

China has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and some other national strategic areas. Offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources.

China has released the China Red Data Book of Plants, China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals, China Species Red List, and China’s Red List of Biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation.

完善監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)。中國建立起各類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種的監(jiān)測觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在生物多樣性理論研究、技術(shù)示范與推廣以及物種與生境保護(hù)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用，為科研、教育、科普、生產(chǎn)等各領(lǐng)域提供了多樣化的信息服務(wù)與決策支持。其中，中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)（CERN）、國家陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)定位觀測研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)（CTERN）涵蓋所有生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和要素，中國生物多樣性監(jiān)測與研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)（Sino BON）覆蓋動物、植物、微生物等多種生物類群，中國生物多樣性觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)（China BON）構(gòu)建了覆蓋全國的指示物種類群觀測樣區(qū)。

Improving monitoring and observation networks. China has put in place monitoring and observation networks for various ecosystems and species. These networks have played an important role in supporting biodiversity research, demonstrating and promoting relevant technology, and protecting species and their habitats, thereby providing diverse information services and decision-making support for scientific research and education, popularizing science and exploiting resources. Among them, the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and the Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (CTERN) cover all ecosystems and elements; the China Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON) covers a variety of biological groups such as animals, plants and microorganisms; the China Biodiversity Observation Network (China BON) has designated plots for the observation of indicator species all over the country.

加強(qiáng)資金保障。近年來，中國持續(xù)加大投入生物多樣性保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的資金，為加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)提供重要保障。2017－2018年，連續(xù)兩年安排超過2600億資金投入生物多樣性相關(guān)工作，是2008年投入的6倍。同時，利用財(cái)稅激勵措施，積極調(diào)動民間資本投入生物多樣性保護(hù)。2020年，設(shè)立國家綠色發(fā)展基金，首期募資規(guī)模885億元。

Increasing financial support. China has expanded funding for biodiversity conservation in recent years. More than RMB260 billion was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes in each of 2017 and 2018, six times the figure of 2008. Meanwhile, China has used fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital to invest in biodiversity conservation. In 2020, a national green development fund was set up, raising RMB88.5 billion as a start.

強(qiáng)化科技與人才支撐。設(shè)立生物多樣性保護(hù)領(lǐng)域研究專項(xiàng)，構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)庫和信息平臺，完善生物多樣性調(diào)查、觀測和評估等相關(guān)技術(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，為生物多樣性保護(hù)提供有力科技支撐。通過“生物多樣性保護(hù)專項(xiàng)”“典型脆弱生態(tài)修復(fù)與保護(hù)研究”“物種資源保護(hù)專項(xiàng)”“珍稀瀕危野生動物保護(hù)專項(xiàng)”等一批基礎(chǔ)科研項(xiàng)目，加強(qiáng)瀕危野生動植物恢復(fù)與保護(hù)、種質(zhì)資源和遺傳資源保存、生物資源可持續(xù)利用和產(chǎn)業(yè)化等技術(shù)研發(fā)，逐步構(gòu)建生物多樣性保護(hù)和生物資源可持續(xù)利用技術(shù)體系。發(fā)揮高校和科研院所優(yōu)勢，推進(jìn)科教融合，加強(qiáng)生物多樣性人才培養(yǎng)。

Strengthening technical and talent support. China has set up special projects on biodiversity research, developed database and information platforms, and improved technologies and standards for survey, observation and assessment to provide strong technical support for biodiversity conservation. Through some basic scientific research projects on biodiversity conservation, restoration and protection of typical vulnerable ecosystems, conservation of species, and protection of rare and endangered wildlife, China has stepped up technology research and development in the restoration and protection of endangered wildlife, conservation of germplasm and genetic resources, and sustainable and profitable use of biological resources. This way, it has gradually built a technical system for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. China has taken full advantage of the strengths of universities and research institutes, and integrated science and education to reinforce the training of professionals on biodiversity.

開展中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)督察，解決突出生態(tài)環(huán)境問題，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量，推動經(jīng)濟(jì)社會高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。組織打擊野生動植物非法貿(mào)易等專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動，持續(xù)加大涉及生物多樣性違法犯罪問題的打擊整治力度，堅(jiān)決制止和懲處破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、物種和生物資源的行為。

China has conducted central environmental protection inspections to solve outstanding problems, improve eco-environmental quality, and promote high-quality economic and social development. It has organized special actions against illegal wildlife trade, and increased its effort to combat illegal and criminal activities concerning biodiversity. It has taken tough steps to stop and punish all activities that do damage to ecosystems, species and biological resources.

加大中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)督察力度。2015年起，建立中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)督察制度，逐步覆蓋31個省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門、部分中央企業(yè)。堅(jiān)持問題導(dǎo)向，重點(diǎn)圍繞生物多樣性保護(hù)、應(yīng)對氣候變化、長江十年禁漁、海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)等重大任務(wù)開展督察，推動解決一批生態(tài)環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的突出問題。中央生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)督察制度有力推動各級政府和部門承擔(dān)起保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的責(zé)任，為生物多樣性保護(hù)提供強(qiáng)大的制度保障。

Strengthening central inspection on eco-environmental protection. The system of central inspection on eco-environmental protection was established in 2015. Since then, it has been developed to cover 31 provincial-level administrative units, relevant departments under the State Council and some state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. To solve prominent environmental problems, China has carried out inspections focusing on major issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change, the 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, and marine environmental protection. The system serves to push governments at all levels and relevant departments to take responsibility for protecting the eco-environment, providing strong institutional guarantees for conserving biodiversity.

開展生物多樣性保護(hù)執(zhí)法檢查。開展跨部門、跨區(qū)域和跨國聯(lián)合執(zhí)法行動，嚴(yán)厲打擊珍稀瀕危野生動植物走私，對涉及野生動植物交易等違法活動采取零容忍態(tài)度。健全野生動物保護(hù)執(zhí)法監(jiān)管長效機(jī)制，開展“綠盾”自然保護(hù)地強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督、“碧?！焙Ｑ笊鷳B(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)、“中國漁政亮劍”、“昆侖行動”等系列執(zhí)法行動，對影響野生動植物及其棲息地保護(hù)的行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅查處。建立長江禁捕退捕的跨區(qū)域跨部門聯(lián)合執(zhí)法聯(lián)動協(xié)作機(jī)制，加大非法捕撈專項(xiàng)整治力度，對相關(guān)違法犯罪行為形成高壓態(tài)勢。

Carrying law enforcement inspections on biodiversity conservation. Adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife trade, China has carried out trans-department, cross-region and cross-border joint actions to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife. It has improved the long-term mechanism for monitoring law enforcement concerning wild animal protection. Special law enforcement campaigns have been launched to combat illegal activities threatening wildlife and their habitats, including the Green Shield inspections of nature reserves, the Blue Sea initiative for marine environmental protection, the Sword campaigns targeting fisheries, and the Kunlun actions against crimes and violations in the fields of food, drugs and the environment. In a tough stand against illegal activities, China has established collaboration mechanisms for cross-region and trans-department joint actions on enforcing the Yangtze River fishing ban and withdrawal of fishermen concerned, and has conducted special campaigns against illegal fishing.

中國不斷加強(qiáng)生物多樣性保護(hù)宣傳教育，政府加強(qiáng)引導(dǎo)、企業(yè)積極行動、公眾廣泛參與的行動體系基本形成，公眾參與生物多樣性保護(hù)的方式更加多元化，參與度全面提高。持續(xù)開展生物多樣性保護(hù)宣傳教育和科普活動，在國際生物多樣性日、世界野生動植物日、世界濕地日、六五環(huán)境日、水生野生動物保護(hù)科普宣傳月等重要時間節(jié)點(diǎn)舉辦系列活動，調(diào)動全社會廣泛參與，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)公眾保護(hù)意識。創(chuàng)新宣傳模式，拓寬參與渠道，完善激勵政策，邀請公眾在生物多樣性政策制定、信息公開與公益訴訟中積極參與、建言獻(xiàn)策，營造生物多樣性保護(hù)的良好氛圍。發(fā)布《“美麗中國，我是行動者”提升公民生態(tài)文明意識行動計(jì)劃（2021－2025年）》《關(guān)于推動生態(tài)環(huán)境志愿服務(wù)發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見》，為各類社會主體和公眾參與生物多樣性保護(hù)工作提供指南和規(guī)范。成立長江江豚、海龜、中華白海豚等重點(diǎn)物種保護(hù)聯(lián)盟，為各方力量搭建溝通協(xié)作平臺。加入《生物多樣性公約》秘書處發(fā)起的“企業(yè)與生物多樣性全球伙伴關(guān)系”（GPBB）倡議，鼓勵企業(yè)參與生物多樣性領(lǐng)域工作，積極引導(dǎo)企業(yè)參與打擊野生動植物非法貿(mào)易。

China continues to strengthen publicity and education on biodiversity conservation. An action system involving stronger government guidance, corporate action, and extensive public participation is taking shape. Public participation in biodiversity conservation has grown and become more diversified.

Public awareness activities and dissemination of knowledge on biodiversity are being carried out. On important occasions such as the International Day for Biological Diversity, World Wildlife Day, World Wetlands Day, World Environment Day, and Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Public Awareness Month, events will be held to encourage broad social participation and raise public awareness of eco-environmental conservation.

China has explored new publicity models, broadened participation channels, improved incentives, and invited public participation in policy making, information disclosure and public-interest litigation related to biodiversity, creating a positive environment for biodiversity conservation. Beautiful China, I’m a Contributor – Action Plan to Raise Public Awareness of Ecological Conservation (2021-2025), and Guidelines on Advancing Volunteer Service in Eco-environmental Protection have been released to provide guidelines and norms for entities and individuals to participate in biodiversity conservation.

China has formed alliances for protecting key species including the Yangtze finless porpoise, the turtle and the Chinese white dolphin, which serve as platforms of communication and cooperation for all stakeholders.

In 2015, China joined the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity (GPBB), initiated by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Enterprises are encouraged to take part in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions against illegal wildlife trade.

四、深化全球生物多樣性保護(hù)合作

IV. Further Global Cooperation on Biodiversity Conservation

面對生物多樣性喪失的全球性挑戰(zhàn)，各國是同舟共濟(jì)的命運(yùn)共同體。中國堅(jiān)定踐行多邊主義，積極開展生物多樣性保護(hù)國際合作，廣泛協(xié)商、凝聚共識，為推進(jìn)全球生物多樣性保護(hù)貢獻(xiàn)中國智慧，與國際社會共同構(gòu)建人與自然生命共同體。

Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, all countries form a community of shared future. China firmly practices multilateralism and actively carries out international cooperation on biodiversity conservation through extensive consultations to build consensus. It is contributing solutions to global biodiversity conservation and working together with the international community to build a shared future for humanity and nature.

中國積極履行《生物多樣性公約》及其議定書，促進(jìn)相關(guān)公約協(xié)同增效，展現(xiàn)大國擔(dān)當(dāng)，在全球生物多樣性保護(hù)和治理進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。

By actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols, with a strong sense of responsibility as a major country, China has worked to enhance synergies among biodiversity-related conventions and played an important role in global biodiversity conservation and governance.

積極履行《生物多樣性公約》及其議定書。1992年以來，中國堅(jiān)定支持生物多樣性多邊治理體系，采取一系列政策和措施，切實(shí)履行公約義務(wù)。作為公約及其議定書的締約方，按時高質(zhì)量提交國家報(bào)告，2019年7月提交了《中國履行〈生物多樣性公約〉第六次國家報(bào)告》，同年10月提交了《中國履行〈卡塔赫納生物安全議定書〉第四次國家報(bào)告》。2019年以來，中國成為《生物多樣性公約》及其議定書核心預(yù)算的最大捐助國，有力支持了《生物多樣性公約》的運(yùn)作和執(zhí)行。近年來，中國持續(xù)加大對全球環(huán)境基金捐資力度，已成為全球環(huán)境基金最大的發(fā)展中國家捐資國，有力地支持了全球生物多樣性保護(hù)。

Actively implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity and related protocols. China firmly supports the multilateral governance system for biodiversity, and has adopted strong policies and measures to fulfill its obligations under the Convention since 1992. As an important signing party of the Convention and its protocols, China has submitted high-quality national reports on a regular basis. In July 2019, China submitted its Sixth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity and in October the Fourth National Report to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

Since 2019 China has been the largest contributor to the core budget of the Convention and its protocols, and has strongly supported its operation and implementation. In recent years, China has continued to increase its contributions to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), and has become the largest developing country contributor to the GEF, lending strong support to global biodiversity conservation.

促進(jìn)生物多樣性相關(guān)公約協(xié)同增效。生物多樣性與其他生態(tài)環(huán)境問題聯(lián)系密切，中國支持協(xié)同打造更牢固的全球生態(tài)安全屏障，構(gòu)筑尊重自然的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，協(xié)同推動《生物多樣性公約》與其他國際公約共同發(fā)揮作用。中國持續(xù)推進(jìn)《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿(mào)易公約》《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》《聯(lián)合國防治荒漠化公約》《關(guān)于特別是作為水禽棲息地的國際重要濕地公約》《聯(lián)合國森林文書》等進(jìn)程，與相關(guān)國際機(jī)構(gòu)合作建立國際荒漠化防治知識管理中心，與新西蘭共同牽頭組織“基于自然的解決方案”領(lǐng)域工作，并將其作為應(yīng)對氣候變化、生物多樣性喪失的協(xié)同解決方案。2020年9月，中國宣布力爭2030年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳達(dá)峰、2060年前實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和，為全球應(yīng)對和減緩氣候變化作出中國貢獻(xiàn)。

Enhancing synergies among biodiversity-related conventions. Biodiversity is closely related to other eco-environmental issues. China supports collaborative efforts in building a stronger global ecological security barrier and an ecosystem that respects nature, and is ready to work with all the parties to push for a joint role for the Convention and other international conventions.

China takes an active part in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, and the documents of the UN Forum on Forests. In cooperation with relevant international organizations, China has established the International Desertification Control Knowledge Management Center. China and New Zealand jointly led the efforts on Nature-based Solutions (NBS) projects, making NBS a synergistic solution in combating climate change and biodiversity loss.

In September 2020, China announced that it will strive to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, contributing its share to the global response to climate change mitigation.

推動履約取得明顯成效。中國為推動實(shí)現(xiàn)2020年全球生物多樣性保護(hù)目標(biāo)和聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。自發(fā)布《中國生物多樣性保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略與行動計(jì)劃》（2011－2030年）以來，中國通過完善法律法規(guī)和體制機(jī)制、加強(qiáng)就地和遷地保護(hù)、推動公眾參與、深化國際合作等政策措施，有力推動改善了生態(tài)環(huán)境。其中，設(shè)立陸地自然保護(hù)區(qū)、恢復(fù)和保障重要生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、增加生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)原力和碳儲量等3項(xiàng)目標(biāo)超額完成，生物多樣性主流化、可持續(xù)管理農(nóng)林漁業(yè)、可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)等13項(xiàng)目標(biāo)取得良好進(jìn)展。

Achieving remarkable results in fulfilling obligations. China has made positive contribution to the 2020 global biodiversity targets (the Aichi targets) and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

In 2010, the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) was published. Since then, China has been working for a better eco-environment by improving the legal system and other mechanisms, strengthening in-situ and ex-situ conservation, increasing public participation, and boosting international cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity.

China has over-fulfilled three of the Aichi targets – establishing terrestrial nature reserves, restoring and ensuring important ecosystem services, and increasing ecosystem resilience and carbon storage – and made progress in 13 targets, including mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable management of agriculture, forestry and fishery, and sustainable production and consumption.

中國堅(jiān)持多邊主義，注重廣泛開展合作交流，凝聚全球生物多樣性保護(hù)治理合力。借助“一帶一路”“南南合作”等多邊合作機(jī)制，為發(fā)展中國家保護(hù)生物多樣性提供支持，努力構(gòu)建地球生命共同體。

China is an advocate of multilateralism. It engages in extensive cooperation and exchanges, pooling global forces in biodiversity conservation and governance. With the help of multilateral cooperation mechanisms such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and South-South Cooperation, China has provided support for biodiversity conservation in developing countries and is striving to build a shared future for all life on Earth.

建立“一帶一路”綠色發(fā)展多邊合作機(jī)制。中國將生態(tài)文明領(lǐng)域合作作為高質(zhì)量共建“一帶一路”重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，采取綠色基建、綠色能源、綠色金融等系列舉措，為沿線國家提供資金、技術(shù)、能力建設(shè)等方面支持，幫助他們加速綠色低碳轉(zhuǎn)型，持續(xù)造福沿線各國人民。成立“一帶一路”綠色發(fā)展國際聯(lián)盟，40多個國家成為合作伙伴，在生物多樣性保護(hù)、全球氣候變化治理與綠色轉(zhuǎn)型等方面開展合作。建設(shè)“一帶一路”生態(tài)環(huán)保大數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)平臺，吸納100多個國家生物多樣性相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，為“一帶一路”綠色發(fā)展提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。實(shí)施綠色絲路使者計(jì)劃，與發(fā)展中國家共同加強(qiáng)環(huán)保能力建設(shè)，通過開展培訓(xùn)、項(xiàng)目合作等形式，為有關(guān)國家落實(shí)《聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》提供幫助。

Establishing multilateral cooperation mechanisms for green development under the BRI. China regards cooperation in eco-civilization as a key component of the BRI, and has adopted a series of green measures in infrastructure, energy, and finance to support participating countries with fund, technology and capacity building. These measures are helping them transform faster to green, low-carbon growth to the benefit of the people.

China has established the Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition, with international partners from over 40 countries. The Coalition facilitates cooperation on biodiversity conservation, global climate change governance and green transformation.

The BRI Environment Big Data Platform is in the making. The platform aims to collect biodiversity data from over 100 countries and provides data in support of the initiative’s green development.

A Green Silk Road Envoy Program has been launched to jointly build environmental protection capacity with other developing countries. Under the program, China has helped relevant countries, through training and other project cooperation, to implement the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

深化生物多樣性保護(hù)“南南合作”。中國在“南南合作”框架下積極為發(fā)展中國家保護(hù)生物多樣性提供支持，全球80多個國家受益。建立瀾滄江－湄公河環(huán)境合作中心，定期舉行瀾滄江－湄公河環(huán)境合作圓桌對話，圍繞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理、生物多樣性保護(hù)等議題進(jìn)行交流。建立中國－東盟環(huán)境合作中心，與東盟國家合作開發(fā)和實(shí)施“生物多樣性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)合作計(jì)劃”“大湄公河次區(qū)域核心環(huán)境項(xiàng)目與生物多樣性保護(hù)走廊計(jì)劃”等項(xiàng)目，在生物多樣性保護(hù)、廊道規(guī)劃和管理以及社區(qū)生計(jì)改善等方面取得豐碩成果。建立中國科學(xué)院東南亞生物多樣性研究中心，開展聯(lián)合科學(xué)考察、重大科學(xué)研究、政策咨詢與人才培養(yǎng)等工作。建立中非環(huán)境合作中心，促進(jìn)環(huán)境技術(shù)合作，共享綠色發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

Stepping up South-South cooperation. China has provided support for more than 80 developing countries in biodiversity conservation under the framework of South-South cooperation.

China has established a center for the Lancang-Mekong environmental cooperation, and hosted regular roundtable meetings with a focus on ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. It has set up the China-ASEAN Environmental Cooperation Center, and launched and implemented with ASEAN member states a number of cooperation initiatives, including the China-ASEAN Cooperation Plan on Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation, and the Core Environment Program and Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Fruitful results have been achieved in biodiversity conservation, corridor planning and management, and community livelihood improvement. The Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-SEABRI) was unveiled in 2015 to carry out joint field studies, major scientific research, policy consultation, and personnel training. The China-Africa Environment Cooperation Center has been established for cooperation on environmental technology and for sharing green development opportunities.

廣泛開展雙多邊合作。堅(jiān)持共商共建共享原則，不斷深化生物多樣性領(lǐng)域?qū)ν夂献?。積極參加聯(lián)合國生物多樣性峰會、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人氣候峰會等國際會議及活動，為保護(hù)生物多樣性、促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展注入動力。組織召開“2020年后全球生物多樣性展望：共建地球生命共同體”部長級在線圓桌會，共商2020年后生物多樣性全球治理。中法兩國共同發(fā)布《中法生物多樣性保護(hù)和氣候變化北京倡議》。與俄羅斯、日本等國家展開候鳥保護(hù)的長期合作。與俄羅斯、蒙古國、老撾、越南等國家合作，建立跨境自然保護(hù)地和生態(tài)廊道，其中，中俄跨境自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)物種數(shù)量持續(xù)增長，野生東北虎開始在中俄保護(hù)地間自由遷移；中老跨境生物多樣性聯(lián)合保護(hù)區(qū)面積達(dá)20萬公頃，有效保護(hù)亞洲象等珍稀瀕危物種及其棲息地。中國還與德國、英國、南非等分別建立雙邊合作機(jī)制，就生物多樣性和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、氣候變化和生物安全等領(lǐng)域開展廣泛的合作與交流，與日本、韓國建立中日韓三國生物多樣性政策對話機(jī)制。

Carrying out extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation. Following the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, China has constantly expanded biodiversity cooperation.

It has taken an active part in international conferences and activities, including the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity and the Leaders’ Summit on Climate, giving impetus to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. In 2020, China organized an online ministerial roundtable “Biodiversity Beyond 2020: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth” to discuss global biodiversity governance after 2020.

China and France jointly issued the Beijing Call for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Change in 2019. China carries out long-term cooperation on migratory bird protection with Russia, Japan and other countries. China has worked with Russia, Mongolia, Laos, Vietnam and other countries in establishing transboundary PAs and ecological corridors. The number of species in the China-Russia transboundary nature reserve continues to grow, and wild Siberian tigers are beginning to migrate freely between PAs in Russia and China. The China-Laos transboundary biodiversity reserve, with an area of 200,000 hectares, effectively protects rare and endangered species such as Asian elephants and their habitats. China has established bilateral cooperation mechanisms with Germany, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and some other countries, through which extensive cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity and ecosystem services, climate change, and biosecurity have been carried out. It has established a mechanism of tripartite policy dialogue on biodiversity with Japan and the ROK.

地球是人類共同生活和守護(hù)的家園，生物多樣性是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，是地球生命共同體的血脈和根基。面對生物多樣性喪失的全球性挑戰(zhàn)，全人類是休戚與共的命運(yùn)共同體。

The Earth is the homeland of humanity and we should protect it together. Biodiversity is the foundation for human survival and development, and the bloodline of all life on Earth. Facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, humanity is one community that shares one and the same future.

中國已經(jīng)踏上全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家的新征程，生態(tài)文明建設(shè)具備更多條件，同時，也面臨很多挑戰(zhàn)，生物多樣性保護(hù)任重而道遠(yuǎn)。展望未來，中國將秉持人與自然生命共同體理念，把生物多樣性保護(hù)作為生態(tài)文明建設(shè)重要內(nèi)容，持續(xù)推進(jìn)生物多樣性治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，改善自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)狀況，提升生態(tài)服務(wù)功能，提高生態(tài)產(chǎn)品供給能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)良性循環(huán)，不斷滿足人民日益增長的優(yōu)美生態(tài)環(huán)境需求。

On its new journey towards a modern socialist country, China is now equipped with better resources for boosting eco-civilization. But it also faces many challenges and heavy tasks. Looking to the future, China will uphold the idea of a shared future for humanity and nature, treat biodiversity conservation as an important part of eco-civilization, and continue to modernize its biodiversity governance system and capabilities. It will work to improve natural ecosystems, reinforce eco-environmental services, and provide more eco-environmental products, to achieve a virtuous cycle of natural ecosystems and meet the people’s growing demand for a beautiful eco-environment.

中國將始終做萬物和諧美麗家園的維護(hù)者、建設(shè)者和貢獻(xiàn)者，與國際社會攜手并進(jìn)、共同努力，開啟更加公正合理、各盡所能的全球生物多樣性治理新進(jìn)程，實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然和諧共生美好愿景，推動構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體，共同建設(shè)更加美好的世界。

China will always stand guard for our harmonious and beautiful planet for all life and contribute to its wellbeing with action. It will work together with the international community on a new model of global biodiversity governance that is fairer and more reasonable, with each member contributing its share, so as to realize the worldwide vision of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. It will continue to help build a global community of shared future, and move forward into better times with the rest of the world.

供稿：外文出版社